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113 > M1U2 > Flashcards

M1U2 Flashcards

1
Q

Electrons are very small particles that carry — unit of negative electric charge.

A

one

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2
Q

Electrons can be pictured as revolving about the nucleus in — orbits, just as the planets in our solar system revolve around the Sun.

A

precisely fixed

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3
Q

Unit of measure used to identify the size of an atomic particle that is so small.

A

Atomic mass units (amu)

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4
Q

One atomic mass unit is equal to (1) of the mass of a (2).

A
  1. one-twelfth
  2. carbon-12 atom
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5
Q

A system of whole number that is used when precision is not necessary.

A

Atomic mass numbers

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6
Q

Equation for atomic mass

A

A= Protons + neutrons

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7
Q

Equation for neutrons

A

n= A-Z

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8
Q

They are particles contained in the nucleus of an atom

A

Nucleons

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9
Q

Types of nucleon

A

Protons
Neutrons

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10
Q

The primary difference between a proton and a neutron

A

Their electric charge
p= one unit of positive electric charge;
n= no charge; electrically neutral

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11
Q

Essentially empty space

A

Atom

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12
Q

In what model does the electrons circle the nucleus in the same way that planets
orbit the Sun?

A

Bohr model of the atom

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13
Q

The circles where the electrons orbit

A

Energy levels/ Shells/ Orbits

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14
Q

Electrons in the (1) have higher (2) since it requires more effort to (3) the electron a greater (4) from the nucleus.

A
  1. outermost circles
  2. energy
  3. pull
  4. distance
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15
Q

How are energy levels denoted?

A

The energy levels are numbered as 1, 2, 3, etc. or instead of numbers, we use the letters K, L, M, etc.

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16
Q

The value of n is sometimes called the —

A

principal quantum number

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17
Q

Each — can only hold a certain number of electrons.

A

energy level

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18
Q

How many electrons can each shells hold? (K-O)

A

K: 2
L: 8
M: 18
N: 32
O: 50

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19
Q

As the — increases, so does the number of electrons that can fit into the shell.

A

energy level

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20
Q

Formula to predict the maximum number of electrons that can fit into an energy level

A

Max # of electrons = 2𝑛^2

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21
Q

Within each energy level are (1). They are labeled (2)

A
  1. sublevels
  2. s, p, d, f
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22
Q

What sublevels do the first-fourth energy levels contain?

A

First energy level: s sublevel
Second energy level: s and p sublevels
Third energy level: s, p, and d sublevels
Fourth energy level: s, p, d, and f sublevels

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23
Q

The number of sublevels in an energy level is equal to the number of the —

A

energy level

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24
Q

Within each sublevel, there are —.

A

orbitals

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25
Q

Maximum number of electrons that can occupy an orbital

A

2 electrons

26
Q

This is the final location where electrons reside

A

Orbitals

27
Q

Number of orbitals each sublevel has

A

s sublevel: 1 orbital
p sublevel: 3 orbitals
d sublevel: 5 orbitals
f sublevel: 7 orbitals

28
Q

Summarize the terms related to where the electrons orbit

A

Electrons orbit the nucleus in circles called energy levels (n). Inside the energy levels are sublevels (s,p,d,f). Inside the sublevels are orbitals.

29
Q

Electrons fill the orbitals according to a pattern called —

A

Electron configuration

30
Q

Rules for filling the orbitals

A
  1. Start with the lowest energy level, “n.”
  2. Choose the lowest sublevel s, p, d, or f.
  3. Fill the orbital with a max of 2 electrons
  4. Before a second electron can be placed in any orbital, all the sublevels must contain at least one electron.
31
Q

Primary constituent of tissue

A

Interaction b/n an x-ray and a carbon atom

32
Q

Ionized atom and the released electron

A

Ion pair

33
Q

Removal of an orbital electron from an atom

A

Ionization

34
Q

Required energy for ionization

A

Approximately 34 eV

35
Q

Determines the chemical element and the behavior of an atom

A

Number of protons

36
Q

The force that keeps an electron in orbit

A

Centripetal force

37
Q

What is the Centripetal force called?

A

center-seeking force

38
Q

The force that causes an electron to travel straight and leave the atom

A

Centrifugal Force

39
Q

What is the Centrifugal Force called?

A

flying-out-from-the-center force

40
Q

The strength of the attachment of an electron to the nucleus

A

Electron Binding Energy

41
Q

Has a symbol of 𝐸b

A

Electron Binding Energy

42
Q

Atomic Nomenclatures

A
  1. Atomic Nomenclature
  2. Number & Arrangement of Electrons
  3. Atomic number
  4. Atomic Mass Number
  5. Protocol for Representing
    Elements in a Molecule
43
Q

The alphabetic abbreviations of an element

A

Atomic Nomenclature

44
Q

Determines the chemical properties of an element

A

Number & Arrangement of Electrons

45
Q

It is equal to the number of protons

A

Atomic number (Z)

46
Q

Protocol for Representing
Elements in a Molecule

A

Upper Left: atomic mass (A)
Lower Left: atomic number (Z)
Upper Right: valence state (+/-)
Lower Right: number of atoms/molecules

47
Q

The atomic number & the precise — of an atom are not equal

A

mass

48
Q

The group of atoms of various
elements

A

Molecules

49
Q

The smallest unit of a compound

A

Molecules

50
Q

90% of the human body

A

CHON (C-6, H-1, O-8, N-7) = Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

51
Q

Any quantity of one type of molecule

A

Chemical Compound

52
Q

Example of a Chemical Compound

A

NaCl (Sodium Chloride) – common table salt

53
Q

The chemical union between atoms formed by sharing one or more pairs of electrons

A

Covalent Bond

54
Q

Example of a Covalent Bond

A

H2O

55
Q

The bonding that occurs because of an electrostatic force between ions

A

Ionic Bond

56
Q

Example of Ionic Bond

A

NaCl
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)-Baking soda

57
Q

Primary constituents of the x-ray tube target

A

Tungsten (W-74)
Molybdenum (Mo-42)

58
Q

Radiographic & fluoroscopic contrast agents

A

Barium (Ba-56
Iodine (I-53)

59
Q

Important component of human tissue

A

Carbon (C-6)

60
Q

The amount of energy (34 keV) necessary to ionize tissue atoms

A

Ionization Potential

61
Q

How much energy is necessary to ionize tissue atoms

A

34 keV

62
Q

Difference between an atom and molecule

A

Atom: smallest particle of an element
Molecule: smallest particle of a compound

113 (18 decks)

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