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113 > Finals | Five X-ray Interaction with Matter > Flashcards

Finals | Five X-ray Interaction with Matter Flashcards

1
Q

This refers to the x-ray beam before any interaction with the patient, grid, table, or image intensifier.

A

Primary Beam

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2
Q

The beam that interacts with the detector and will have been significantly attenuated.

A

Exit Beam

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3
Q

This is a direct result of the Compton effect in the patient and contributes the most to staff radiation dose.

A

Scattered Radiation

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4
Q

This is leakage from the x-ray tube housing. It doesn’t contribute significantly to staff dose.

A

Leakage Radiation

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5
Q

Emission of x-ray photons that originate outside of the anode focal spot.

A

Off-focus radiation

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6
Q

It interacts with whole atom

A

LOW-ENERGY X-RAY

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7
Q

It interacts with electrons (outer or inner shell)

A

MODERATE-ENERGY X-RAY

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8
Q

It interacts with nuclear field or nucleus

A

HIGH-ENERGY X-RAY

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9
Q

FIVE WAYS OF X-RAY INTERACTION WITH MATTER

A
  • Coherent
  • Compton
  • Photoelectric Effect
  • Pair Production
  • Photodisintegration
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10
Q

First described Coherent Scattering

A

J.J. Thomson

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11
Q

Other names for coherent scattering

A

Classical
Unmodified
Rayleigh
Thomson Scattering

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12
Q

Coherent scattering occur at —

A

below 10 kEv x-rays

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13
Q

During coherent scattering, the (1) interacts with the (2), causing it to become (3)

A
  1. incident x-ray
  2. whole atom
  3. excited
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14
Q

Results in a change in x-ray direction without a change in its energy

A

Coherent scattering

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15
Q

Scattered x-ray and incident x-ray relation in coherent scattering

A

Scattered X-ray λ = Incident X-ray λ

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16
Q

Is of little importance to diagnostic radiology

A

Coherent scattering

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17
Q

The incident x-ray interacts with the outer-shell electron and ejects it from the atom

A

Compton Effect/ Scattering

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18
Q

Ejected electron of compton effect/ scattering

A

Compton/ Secondary/ Recoil Electron

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19
Q

Results in a change in x-ray direction & reduction of its energy

A

Compoton effect/ Scattering

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20
Q

Scattered x-ray and incident x-ray relation in compton effect/ scattering

A

Scattered X-ray λ > Incident X-ray λ

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21
Q

Energy formula for compton effect/ scattering

A

Ei = Es (Eb + EKE)

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22
Q

Compton effect occurs at —

A

30 keV and above

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23
Q

Ei

A

incident x-ray

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24
Q

Es

A

scattered x-ray energy

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25
Q

Eb

A

electron binding energy

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26
Q

E(KE)

A

electron kinetic energy

27
Q

The probability of the Compton Effect is (1) to x-ray energy (1/E) & independent of (2)

A
  1. inversely proportional
  2. atomic number
28
Q

The incident x-ray interacts with the
inner-shell electron

A

Photoeelectric effect

29
Q

Ejected electron of photoelectric effect

A

Photoelectron

30
Q

Results in a total x-ray energy that is totally absorbed

A

Photoelectric effect

31
Q

Energy formula for photoelectric effect

A

Ei = Eb + EKE

32
Q

Phototelectric occurs at —

A

10-150 keV

33
Q

Characteristic x-rays are produced

A

Photoelectric effect

34
Q

Three products of photoelectric effect

A
  1. Characteristic x-rays
  2. Photoelectron (ejected electron)
  3. Positive atom (deficient of one electron)
35
Q

Good effects of photoelectric effect

A
  • No scattered radiation
  • Produce good quality radiographic image
36
Q

Bad effecct of photoelectric effect

A
  • Increase radiation exposure to patient
37
Q

Total x-ray absorption

A

Photoelectric effect

38
Q

The probability of the photoelectric effect is directly proportional to the (1) of the (2)

A
  1. third power
  2. atomic number (Z^3)
39
Q

The probability of the photoelectric effect is inversely proportional to the (1) of the (2)

A
  1. third power
  2. x-ray energy (1/E^3)
40
Q

The incident x-ray interacts with the nuclear force field

A

Pair production

41
Q

Results: x-ray disappears & two electrons with opposite charge appear (positron & electron)

A

Pair production

42
Q

Pair production occur at —

A

> 1.02 MeV x-rays

43
Q

Where is pair production useful in?

A

PET NucMed

44
Q

Does not occur during x-ray imaging

A

Pair production

45
Q

A process wherein the mass of positron & electron is converted to energy

A

ANNIHILATION RADIATION

46
Q

The incident x-ray interacts directly into the nucleus

A

Photodisintegration

47
Q

Results: x-ray is absorbed by the nucleus and nucleon/ nuclear fragment is emitted

A

Photodisintegration

48
Q

Photodisintegration occur at —

A

> 10 MeV x-rays

49
Q

Does not occur in diagnostic radiology

A

Photodisintegration

50
Q

Energy level of the five x-ray interaction with matter

A

Coherent: Low
Compton: Moderate
Photoelectric: Moderate
Pair production: High
Photodisintegration: High

51
Q

Results of coherent

A
  • Change in x-ray direction represented by scattered x-ray
  • No change in x-ray energy
52
Q

Results of compton

A
  • Change in x-ray represernted by scattered x-ray
  • Reduced in x-ray energy
  • Compton electron emitted
53
Q

Results of phototelectric

A
  • X-ray disappear
  • Photoelectron, characteristic positive atom are produced
54
Q

Results of pair production

A
  • X-ray disappear
  • Two electrons with opposite charge appear, annihilation radiation is produced
55
Q

Results of photodisintegration

A
  • X-ray absorbed in the nucleus
  • Nuclear fragment emitted
56
Q

Different degrees of absorption in different tissues

A

Differential absorption

57
Q

Results of differential absorption

A

image contrast & formation of the x-ray image

58
Q

Differential absorption occurs because of —

A
  • Compton scattering
  • Photoelectric effect
  • X-rays transmitted through the patient
59
Q

Differential absorption and kVp relation

A

Differential absorption increases as the kVp is reduced (↓kVp, ↑DA)

60
Q

To image small differences in soft tissue, one must use (1) to get maximum (2)

A
  1. low kVp
  2. differential absorption
61
Q

THREE TYPES OF X-RAY IMPORTANT IN MAKING A RADIOGRAPH

A
  • scattered by Coherent and Compton interaction
  • absorbed photoelectrically
  • transmitted by the patient without interaction
62
Q

THREE TYPES OF X-RAY IMPORTANT IN MAKING A RADIOGRAPH

Those scattered by Coherent and Compton interaction

A

◦ Doesn’t provide diagnostic information
◦ Result: image noise

63
Q

THREE TYPES OF X-RAY IMPORTANT IN MAKING A RADIOGRAPH

Those absorbed photoelectrically

A

◦ Provides diagnostic information
◦ Appearance: radiopaque

64
Q

THREE TYPES OF X-RAY IMPORTANT IN MAKING A RADIOGRAPH

Those transmitted by the patient without interaction

A

◦ Provides diagnostic information
◦ Appearance: radiolucent

113 (18 decks)

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