M.17 Flashcards
The process of respiration, gasses flow through lungs (inspiration) and flow out (expiration).
Pulmonary ventilation
The process of respiration, gasses exchange between lungs and the outside environment.
External respiration
The process of respiration, where oxygen diffuses from the blood, into the interstitial fluid, and into the cells.
Internal respiration
contains mucus and hairs that moisten air, crappy sinus drainage.
Nasal conchae
Pharynx
Respiratory, auditory tubes and pharyngeal tonsils.
Nasopharynx
Respiratory, digestive, houses palatine.
Oropharynx
Opens into larynx and esophagus, respiratory and digestive.
Laryngopharynx
Voice box. Inflammation causes “hoarse voice”.
Larynx
Floating bone. Damage impairs the ability to speak.
Hyoid bone
“sorting paddle” detects and responds material entering into the oropharynx.
Epiglottis
Opening of the larynx. Makes sounds. Holds vocal cords.
Glottis
Thyrohyoid membrane
Epiglottis Leaf
Epiglottis Stem
Corniculate cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Cricothyroid ligament
Cricoid cartilage
Cricotracheal ligament
Tracheal cartilages
Primary Bronchi
Secondary bronci
Carina of trachea
Bronchiole
Alveolus
Alveolar sac
Pulmonary arteriole
Pulmonary venule
touches lung
Visceral pleura
touches chest wall
Parietal pleura
membrane between visceral and parietal pleura.
Pleural cavity
The ___ lung has 3 lobes.
right
The ___ lung has 2 lobes.
left
Hilum of lung
Pulmonary apex
Cardiac notch of the left lung
base answer on num. of lobes
Left lung
base answer on num. of lobes
Right lung
The [Sympathetic/Parasympathetic] response expands airways and increases respiratory rate.
sympathetic response
The [Sympathetic/Parasympathetic] response that decreases respiratory rate and secretes mucus.
parasympathetic response
The nerve that stimulates the diaphragm.
Phrenic nerve
The nerve that stimulates the parasympathetic intervention of the lungs.
Vagus Nerve
The zone of the respiratory system that brings air into or out of the lung.
Conducting zone
The zone of the respiratory system where gas exchange takes place.
Respiratory zone
The [lower/upper] respiratory tract includes the larynx. Not sterile.
Upper respiratory tract
The [lower/upper] respiratory tract includes the trachea. Usually sterile.
Lower respiratory tract
Cells in the lung that secret mucous.
Goblet cells
The process where cilia bring particles out of the lung and into the pharynx.
Mucociliary escalator
The esophagus is [anterior/posterior] to the trachea.
Posterior
A cell membrane that forms the alveolar-capillary membrane (A-C).
Type I Alveolar Cell
Septal cells that secrete surfactant (soap) that moistens and sticks water (inflates alveoli).
Type II alveolar cell
(dust cell) — Lung cells that engulf large invaders, then ride the mucociliary escalator out of the lung.
Alveolar macrophage
The transport method for O₂ moving into capillary and CO₂ moving out of capillary inside alveoli.
Diffusion
Pulmonary air moment into the lungs. Muscle action.
Inspiration
Pulmonary air movement out of the lungs. Generally passive.
Expiration
The collision of molecules with the wall of a container.
Pressure
The molecular movement of a gas changes speed due to?
Temperature
The measurement unit of the atmosphere (At sea level).
Atmosphere
1 Atmosphere unit = ? mmHg
760 mmHg
In High-Altitude physiology, on the top of Mt Everest, the pressure of oxygen [decreases/increases].
decreases
Boyles Law Formula
P₁V₁=P₂V₂
Using P₁V₁=P₂V₂, If volume goes up, the pressure goes [down/up].
Down
Using P₁V₁=P₂V₂, If you inspire at 760mmHg, then alveolar pressure [decreases/increases] by 2mmHg.
Decreases
Using P₁V₁=P₂V₂, If you expire at 760mmHg, then alveolar pressure [decreases/increases] by 2mmHg.
Increases
A condition, with a collapsed lung. Air leaks into the pleural cavity.
Pneumothorax
A graphic record of respiratory movements traced on a revolving drum.
Spirogram
TLC
(Total Lung Capacity)
VC
(Vital Capacity)
RV
(Residual Volume)
IC
(Inspiratory Capacity)
FRC
(Functional Residual Capacity)
IRV
(Inspiratory Reserve Volume)
Tv
(Tidal Volume)
ERV
(Expiratory Reserve Volume)
RV
(Residual Volume)
Condition where atm pressure increases undersea, N₂ causes damage to alveolar-capillary membrane joints. “The bends”.
Nitrogen Narcosis
The capillary PO₂ = 100mmHg, the pressure in the tissue is PO₂ = 40mmHg, O₂ diffuses [in/out] the capillary?
out
The capillary PO₂ = 40mmHg, the pressure in the tissue is PO₂ =105mmHg, O₂ diffuses [in/out] the capillary?
in
Percent of CO₂ carried by bicarbonate.
70%
Percent of CO₂ carried by hemoglobin.
23%
Percent of CO₂ dissolved as a gas in the plasma.
7%
As PO₂ increases, more ___ combines with hemoglobin.
O₂
The measurement unit used to measure oxygen saturation in patients.
O₂ Stat
Fetal hemoglobin has a [higher/lower] affinity for O₂ than does adult hemoglobin.
higher
As pH increases or PCO₂ [decreases/increases], O₂ combines more tightly with hemoglobin, so that less is available to tissues.
decreases
As temperature increases, the affinity of hemoglobin for O₂ [decreases/increases].
decreases
H₂O + [___] ⟷ H₂CO₃ ⟷ H⁺ + HCO₃⁻
These levels impact hydrogen ion levels.
CO₂
H₂O + CO₂ ⟷ H₂CO₃ ⟷ [___] + HCO₃⁻
H⁺
H₂O + CO₂ ⟷ [___] ⟷ H⁺ + HCO₃⁻
H₂CO₃
If CO₂ [↑/↓], then H⁺↑ and pH↓
↑
If CO₂ [↑/↓], then H⁺↓ and pH↑
↓
If pH is low (<7.40), then [high/low] hydrogens.
High
If pH is high (>7.40), then [high/low] hydrogens.
Low
A condition for rapid breathing.
tachypnea
In hyperventilation, O₂↑, thus…
CO₂ [↑↓]
pH [↑↓]
CO₂↓
pH↑
A Condition of rapid, shallow breaths. Respiratory rate may increase but not increase V.
Panting
A condition of rapid, deep breaths.
Hyperpnea
A condition of normal ventilation rate.
Eupnea
Condition of a temporary halt in ventilation.
Apnea
In Hypoventilation,
CO₂ [↑↓]
O₂ [↑↓]
pH ↓.
CO₂↑
O₂↓
The rhythm of breathing is controlled by the ____ in the brainstem?
Medulla
The center in the medulla which stimulates the diaphragm by the phrenic nerve.
Inspiratory center
The center in the medulla for inactive quite breathing.
The brainstem part contains the pnumotaxic center and apneustic center.
Pons
The pons center which limits the duration of inspiration to prevent lungs from getting too full.
pnumotaxic center
The pons center that coordinates transition between inhalation and exaltation.
apneustic center
