M.16 Flashcards
Portion of heart
base
Portion of heart
Apex
Position of heart
Mediastinum
The heart is on the ___ side of the mediastinum.
Left
A procedure. A probe inserted in the esophagus/stomach, it takes an ultrasound of the heart.
Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE)
Smooth. Simple squamous epithelium.
EndoCardium
Heart muscle. Intercalated disks for strength. Gap junctions for synchrony.
MyoCardium
Above. Visceral Serous.
EpiCardium
conical sac of fibrous tissue
Parietal Pericardium
Infection of the endocardium causes inflammation.
Dental cleanings = antibiotics.
Endocarditis
Systemic Circulation
Pulmonary Circulation
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Arteries
Vessels that carry blood toward the heart.
Veins
Ascending aorta
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary artery
Pulmonary valve
Right pulmonary veins
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Inferior vena cava
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Aortic arch
Arterial ligament
Left pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk
Left pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Aortic valve
Tendinous cords
Left ventricle
(middle wall)
Interventricular septum
papillary muscle
tricuspid valve
Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
Disease. Valves stiff and don’t open properly.
Valvular stenosis
Disease. Valves floppy and leak.
Valvular incompetence
Disease. Ventricular pressure increases, blood leaks in the wrong direction out of the wrong closed valve.
Valvular Regurgitation
The rhythm of heart pacemakers.
Autorhythmicity
Primary peacemakers. 100x/min. Cardiomyocytes.
Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
Imitate peacemakers. Ectopic pacemaker.
Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) —
Conductive muscle cells. Leads from AV node through interventricular septum.
Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)
AV bundles splits into right and left…
Bundle Branches —
Large-caiber, non-contracle cells. Conducts electrical impulses to cardiac muscle cells of right and left ventricles. Contract about the same time.
Purkinje Fibers —
Na+ funny channels open, causes membrane to “drift”. Na+ In. K+ out.
Threshold —
Threshold met. Ca++ channels open causing depolarization. K+ leak channels close.
Action Potential —
K+ channels open causing depolarization of cell membrane.
Pacemaker potential —
Receptors that send input to the glossopharyngeal nerves (IX).
Baroreceptors —
Neves that relay input into the medulla oblongata.
glossopharyngeal nerves (IX)
Sends processed
Medulla Oblongata
The heart responds to ACh release. Decreases rate. Muscarinic (M2) receptors.
Vagus Nerve Parasympathetic
The heart responds to norepinephrine and epinephrine release. Increases heart rate, stroke volume. B1/b2 adrenergic receptors.
Sympathetic Trunk Ganglian
(Sympathetic)
Cardiac Accelerator Nerves
A type of action potential. Differs from nerve or muscle cells.
Cardiac muscle action potential
Duration of Cardiac Muscle Action Potential. Prolonged depolarization.
3 msec
What channels open here?
Na+ channels open
What channels open here?
Ca++ channels open
What channels open here?
K+ channels open
Na Node. Atrial depolarization.
P-Wave
Atrial “kick” fills ventricles.
PQ Interval
Ventricles depolarize (contract). Atria re-polarize (relax).
QRS Wave
Blood flows out, empties ventricles.
ST Segment
Ventricular re-polarization. Relaxation.
T-Wave
Sinus EKG. Resting rate.
Normal Sinus Rhythm.
Heart rate increase. — Sinus EKG.
Sinus Tachycardia.
Almost normal, missing a wave.
Atrial Fibrillation (A-FIB)
Ventricle depolarization, but pumping action not effective.
Ventricle Tachycardia (V-Tach) —
Disorganized activity.
Ventricular Fibrillation (V-FIB)
Entire heart releases. Atria fills with blood.
Diastole (relax)
Atria contracts. Atria “kicks”.
Atrial Systole
Powerful contractions send blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and left ventricle to the body.
Ventricle Systole
Beats per minute. A number of cardiac cycles per minute.
Heart rate
The end blood volume that fills the ventricles during diastole. About 120mL.
End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)
The remaining blood volume in ventricles after contraction. About 50mL.
End-Systolic Volume (ESV)
Stoke-Volume [Formula]. Blood volume ejected from ventricles due to contraction. About 70mL.
EDV-ESV =
Ejection Fraction [Formula]. The fraction of fluid ejected from a chamber with each contraction. About 60%.
SV/EDV
Cardiac Output [Formula]. Blood volume pumped into the aorta, per minute.
HRxSV
This law states that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood in the ventricles, before contraction, when all other factors remain constant.
Frank-Starling mechanism
Opening of blood vessels.
Lumen
Inner vessel layer. Smooth endothelium layer for blood laminar flow.
Tunica intima
Middle vessel layer. Smooth involuntary (arteries) allows vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
Tunica media
Outer vessel layer, Elastic and collagen fibers. Sympathetic nerves and tiny blood vessels (vasa vasorum) in larger vessels.
Tunica externa
Vessel portion allows pressured blood not to return.
Valve of Vein
Vessel sizes, large diameter, thin walls. High pressure.
Elastic Artery
Medium. Distributes blood to body, has strong muscle fibers, controls flow.
Muscular Arteries
Tiny arteries. Adjust the rate of blood flow to the capillaries. Gas and nutrient exchange.
Arterioles
Small veins. Moves blood back to veins and vena cava.
Venule
The cause of varicose veins. Back-flow of blood. Increases clots.
Venous stasis
Vessels that branch to beds for site of nutrient and gas exchange.
Capillaries
Capillaries that regulate blood flow for the exchange.
Pre-Capillary Sphincters —
The pre-capillary spinsters in tissues [vasoconstric/vasodilate] if low O2.
Vasodilate —
The pre-capillary spinsters in the lung [vasoconstric/vasodilate] if low O2.
Vasoconstric —
Capillaries formed by endothelium. Pinocytosis. Smaller molecules passage.
Continuous Capillaries —
Capillaries formed by pores. Larger molecule passage. Kidneys.
Fenestrated Capillaries —
Capillaries formed by open spaces. Substances pass freely. Liver.
Sinusoid Capillaries —
The equation for fluid filtration.
Starlings Law of the Capillary —
Delivery of nutrients depends on blood pressure at capillary.
Hydrostatic Pressure —
This is opposed by the concentration force of water trying to dilute out a higher concentration of solutes in the blood.
Net osmotic pressure —
The arteriole capillaries move fluids [out/in] the capillaries, caused by blood pressure.
OUT —
The venule capillaries move fluids [out/in] the capillaries at the venule end, caused by osmotic pressure.
INTO —
— Capillary movement of substances into tissue, out of capillary.
Filtration
Capillary movement of substances away from tissue, into capillary.
ReAbsorption —
Vasoconstrictors [decrease/increase] blood pressure. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, ADH, Angiotesion II.
Increase —
— Vasodilators [decrease/increase] blood pressure. Atrial natriuretic peptide, nitric oxide, inflammatory mediators, ethanol.
Decrease
— Ohms law formula.
V=IR
— The definition for I in V=IR (Ohms Law). Analogous for flow.
Current
— Flow formula.
Flow = [Pa-Pv]/R.
Pa=Arterial Pressure.
Pv=Venous Pressure.
— Poiseuille’s Equation
R=(ηL/r⁴)
— What is [η] in R=ηL/r⁴
Blood Viscosity
— What is [L] in R=ηL/r⁴
Vessel Length
— What is [R] in R=ηL/r⁴
Vessel Resistance
— What is [r⁴] in R=ηL/r⁴
Vessel Radius
— Disease. Causes hypertension by decreasing elasticity of arteries and diameter of arteries.
Atherosclerosis
Flow — Blood flowing in smooth layer paths.
Laminar Flow
Flow — Blood flowing by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. Increases blood clotting.
Turbulent Flow
— The first sound heard. Measuring blood pressure.
Systolic
— The last sound heard. Measuring blood pressure.
Diastolic
— Vessels likely to be in this pressure range.
Aorta/Arterials/Arterioles
— Vessels likely to be in this pressure range.
Capillaries
— 3 Vessels likely to be in this pressure range.
Veins/Venules/Venae Cava
— A person with the blood pressure below 120/80 mmHg has ___ bp.
Normal
— A person with the blood pressure of 121/81 or 139/89 mmHg has ___ bp.
PreHypertension
— A person with the blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg has ___ bp.
Hypertension
— The following factors increase blood pressure, they all lead to ? (Spend time, study image).
Cardiac Output
— The following factors increase blood pressure, they all lead to ? (Spend time, study image).
Increases systemic vascular resistance
— The a1/a2 adregenic receptors vasoconstric (EPI,Ne) and [decrease/increase] bp.
increase
— The b2 adregenic receptors vasodilate (EPI,Ne) and [decrease/increase] bp.
decrease
vasoconstriction
blood volume
— The blood system that contains 64% of the blood, the blood reservoirs, spleen and liver.
Venous System
— The formation of arteries and veins.
Anastomoses
— myocardial infraction.
Coronary artery blockage
Circuit — Aorta, Vienna cava.
Systemic Circuit
Circut — Pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins.
Pulmonary Circuit
