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AP_HTHS 1111 > M.16 > Flashcards

M.16 Flashcards

1
Q

Portion of heart

A

base

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2
Q

Portion of heart

A

Apex

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3
Q

Position of heart

A

Mediastinum​

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4
Q

The heart is on the ___ side of the mediastinum.

A

Left

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5
Q

A procedure. A probe inserted in the esophagus/stomach, it takes an ultrasound of the heart.

A

Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE)

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6
Q

Smooth. Simple squamous epithelium.

A

EndoCardium

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7
Q

Heart muscle. Intercalated disks for strength. Gap junctions for synchrony.

A

MyoCardium

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8
Q

Above. Visceral Serous.

A

EpiCardium

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9
Q

conical sac of fibrous tissue

A

Parietal Pericardium

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10
Q

Infection of the endocardium causes inflammation.

Dental cleanings = antibiotics.

A

Endocarditis

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11
Q
A

Systemic Circulation

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12
Q
A

Pulmonary Circulation

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13
Q

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

A

Arteries

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14
Q

Vessels that carry blood toward the heart.

A

Veins

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15
Q
A

Ascending aorta

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16
Q
A

Superior vena cava

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17
Q
A

Right pulmonary artery

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18
Q
A

Pulmonary valve

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19
Q
A

Right pulmonary veins

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20
Q
A

Right atrium

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21
Q
A

Right ventricle

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22
Q
A

Inferior vena cava

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23
Q
A

Left common carotid artery

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24
Q
A

Left subclavian artery

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25
Q
A

Brachiocephalic trunk

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26
Q
A

Aortic arch

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27
Q
A

Arterial ligament

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28
Q
A

Left pulmonary artery

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29
Q
A

Pulmonary trunk

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30
Q
A

Left pulmonary veins

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31
Q
A

Left atrium

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32
Q
A

Aortic valve

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33
Q
A

Tendinous cords

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34
Q
A

Left ventricle

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35
Q

(middle wall)

A

Interventricular septum

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36
Q
A

papillary muscle

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37
Q
A

tricuspid valve

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38
Q
A

Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve

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39
Q

Disease. Valves stiff and don’t open properly.

A

Valvular stenosis

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40
Q

Disease. Valves floppy and leak.

A

Valvular incompetence

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41
Q

Disease. Ventricular pressure increases, blood leaks in the wrong direction out of the wrong closed valve.

A

Valvular Regurgitation

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42
Q

The rhythm of heart pacemakers.

A

Autorhythmicity

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43
Q

Primary peacemakers. 100x/min. Cardiomyocytes.

A

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

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44
Q

Imitate peacemakers. Ectopic pacemaker.

A

Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) —

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45
Q

Conductive muscle cells. Leads from AV node through interventricular septum.

A

Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)

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46
Q

AV bundles splits into right and left…

A

Bundle Branches —

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47
Q

Large-caiber, non-contracle cells. Conducts electrical impulses to cardiac muscle cells of right and left ventricles. Contract about the same time.

A

Purkinje Fibers —

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48
Q

Na+ funny channels open, causes membrane to “drift”. Na+ In. K+ out.

A

Threshold —

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49
Q

Threshold met. Ca++ channels open causing depolarization. K+ leak channels close.

A

Action Potential —

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50
Q

K+ channels open causing depolarization of cell membrane.

A

Pacemaker potential —

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51
Q

Receptors that send input to the glossopharyngeal nerves (IX).

A

Baroreceptors —

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52
Q

Neves that relay input into the medulla oblongata.

A

glossopharyngeal nerves (IX)

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53
Q

Sends processed

A

Medulla Oblongata

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54
Q

The heart responds to ACh release. Decreases rate. Muscarinic (M2) receptors.

A

Vagus Nerve Parasympathetic

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55
Q

The heart responds to norepinephrine and epinephrine release. Increases heart rate, stroke volume. B1/b2 adrenergic receptors.

A

Sympathetic Trunk Ganglian

56
Q

(Sympathetic)

A

Cardiac Accelerator Nerves

57
Q

A type of action potential. Differs from nerve or muscle cells.

A

Cardiac muscle action potential

58
Q

Duration of Cardiac Muscle Action Potential. Prolonged depolarization.

A

3 msec

59
Q

What channels open here?

A

Na+ channels open

60
Q

What channels open here?

A

Ca++ channels open

61
Q

What channels open here?

A

K+ channels open

62
Q

Na Node. Atrial depolarization.

A

P-Wave

63
Q

Atrial “kick” fills ventricles.

A

PQ Interval

64
Q

Ventricles depolarize (contract). Atria re-polarize (relax).

A

QRS Wave

65
Q

Blood flows out, empties ventricles.

A

ST Segment

66
Q

Ventricular re-polarization. Relaxation.

A

T-Wave

67
Q

Sinus EKG. Resting rate.

A

Normal Sinus Rhythm.

68
Q

Heart rate increase. — Sinus EKG.

A

Sinus Tachycardia.

69
Q

Almost normal, missing a wave.

A

Atrial Fibrillation (A-FIB)

70
Q

Ventricle depolarization, but pumping action not effective.

A

Ventricle Tachycardia (V-Tach) —

71
Q

Disorganized activity.

A

Ventricular Fibrillation (V-FIB)

72
Q

Entire heart releases. Atria fills with blood.

A

Diastole (relax)

73
Q

Atria contracts. Atria “kicks”.

A

Atrial Systole

74
Q

Powerful contractions send blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and left ventricle to the body.

A

Ventricle Systole

75
Q

Beats per minute. A number of cardiac cycles per minute.

A

Heart rate

76
Q

The end blood volume that fills the ventricles during diastole. About 120mL.

A

End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)

77
Q

The remaining blood volume in ventricles after contraction. About 50mL.

A

End-Systolic Volume (ESV)

78
Q

Stoke-Volume [Formula]. Blood volume ejected from ventricles due to contraction. About 70mL.

A

EDV-ESV =

79
Q

Ejection Fraction [Formula]. The fraction of fluid ejected from a chamber with each contraction. About 60%.

A

SV/EDV

80
Q

Cardiac Output [Formula]. Blood volume pumped into the aorta, per minute.

A

HRxSV

81
Q

This law states that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood in the ventricles, before contraction, when all other factors remain constant.

A

Frank-Starling mechanism

82
Q

Opening of blood vessels.

A

Lumen

83
Q

Inner vessel layer. Smooth endothelium layer for blood laminar flow.

A

Tunica intima

84
Q

Middle vessel layer. Smooth involuntary (arteries) allows vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

A

Tunica media

85
Q

Outer vessel layer, Elastic and collagen fibers. Sympathetic nerves and tiny blood vessels (vasa vasorum) in larger vessels.

A

Tunica externa

86
Q

Vessel portion allows pressured blood not to return.

A

Valve of Vein

87
Q

Vessel sizes, large diameter, thin walls. High pressure.

A

Elastic Artery

88
Q

Medium. Distributes blood to body, has strong muscle fibers, controls flow.

A

Muscular Arteries

89
Q

Tiny arteries. Adjust the rate of blood flow to the capillaries. Gas and nutrient exchange.

A

Arterioles

90
Q

Small veins. Moves blood back to veins and vena cava.

A

Venule

91
Q

The cause of varicose veins. Back-flow of blood. Increases clots.

A

Venous stasis

92
Q

Vessels that branch to beds for site of nutrient and gas exchange.

A

Capillaries

93
Q

Capillaries that regulate blood flow for the exchange.

A

Pre-Capillary Sphincters —

94
Q

The pre-capillary spinsters in tissues [vasoconstric/vasodilate] if low O2.

A

Vasodilate —

95
Q

The pre-capillary spinsters in the lung [vasoconstric/vasodilate] if low O2.

A

Vasoconstric —

96
Q

Capillaries formed by endothelium. Pinocytosis. Smaller molecules passage.

A

Continuous Capillaries —

97
Q

Capillaries formed by pores. Larger molecule passage. Kidneys.

A

Fenestrated Capillaries —

98
Q

Capillaries formed by open spaces. Substances pass freely. Liver.

A

Sinusoid Capillaries —

99
Q

The equation for fluid filtration.

A

Starlings Law of the Capillary —

100
Q

Delivery of nutrients depends on blood pressure at capillary.

A

Hydrostatic Pressure —

101
Q

This is opposed by the concentration force of water trying to dilute out a higher concentration of solutes in the blood.

A

Net osmotic pressure —

102
Q

The arteriole capillaries move fluids [out/in] the capillaries, caused by blood pressure.

A

OUT —

103
Q

The venule capillaries move fluids [out/in] the capillaries at the venule end, caused by osmotic pressure.

A

INTO —

104
Q

— Capillary movement of substances into tissue, out of capillary.

A

Filtration

105
Q

Capillary movement of substances away from tissue, into capillary.

A

ReAbsorption —

106
Q

Vasoconstrictors [decrease/increase] blood pressure. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, ADH, Angiotesion II.

A

Increase —

107
Q

— Vasodilators [decrease/increase] blood pressure. Atrial natriuretic peptide, nitric oxide, inflammatory mediators, ethanol.

A

Decrease

108
Q

— Ohms law formula.

A

V=IR

109
Q

— The definition for I in V=IR (Ohms Law). Analogous for flow.

A

Current

110
Q

— Flow formula.

A

Flow = [Pa-Pv]/R.

Pa=Arterial Pressure.

Pv=Venous Pressure.

111
Q

— Poiseuille’s Equation

A

R=(ηL/r⁴)

112
Q

— What is [η] in R=ηL/r⁴

A

Blood Viscosity

113
Q

— What is [L] in R=ηL/r⁴

A

Vessel Length

114
Q

— What is [R] in R=ηL/r⁴

A

Vessel Resistance

115
Q

— What is [r⁴] in R=ηL/r⁴

A

Vessel Radius

116
Q

— Disease. Causes hypertension by decreasing elasticity of arteries and diameter of arteries.

A

Atherosclerosis

117
Q

Flow — Blood flowing in smooth layer paths.

A

Laminar Flow

118
Q

Flow — Blood flowing by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. Increases blood clotting.

A

Turbulent Flow

119
Q

— The first sound heard. Measuring blood pressure.

A

Systolic

120
Q

— The last sound heard. Measuring blood pressure.

A

Diastolic

121
Q

— Vessels likely to be in this pressure range.

A

Aorta/Arterials/Arterioles

122
Q

— Vessels likely to be in this pressure range.

A

Capillaries

123
Q

— 3 Vessels likely to be in this pressure range.

A

Veins/Venules/Venae Cava

124
Q

— A person with the blood pressure below 120/80 mmHg has ___ bp.

A

Normal

125
Q

— A person with the blood pressure of 121/81 or 139/89 mmHg has ___ bp.

A

PreHypertension

126
Q

— A person with the blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg has ___ bp.

A

Hypertension

127
Q

— The following factors increase blood pressure, they all lead to ? (Spend time, study image).

A

Cardiac Output

128
Q

— The following factors increase blood pressure, they all lead to ? (Spend time, study image).

A

Increases systemic vascular resistance

129
Q

— The a1/a2 adregenic receptors vasoconstric (EPI,Ne) and [decrease/increase] bp.

A

increase

130
Q

— The b2 adregenic receptors vasodilate (EPI,Ne) and [decrease/increase] bp.

A

decrease

131
Q
A

vasoconstriction

132
Q
A

blood volume

133
Q

— The blood system that contains 64% of the blood, the blood reservoirs, spleen and liver.

A

Venous System

134
Q

— The formation of arteries and veins.

A

Anastomoses

135
Q

— myocardial infraction.

A

Coronary artery blockage

136
Q

Circuit — Aorta, Vienna cava.

A

Systemic Circuit

137
Q

Circut — Pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins.

A

Pulmonary Circuit

AP_HTHS 1111 (10 decks)

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