M.15 Flashcards
- A connective tissue.
- Cells and formed elements
- WBCs,
- RBCs,
- PLTs.
- Extracellular fluid matrix, plasma.
- FUNC:
- Homeostasis,
- Transport,
- regulation,
- protection.
Blood
- Cells ___ %
- Formed elements
- WBCs
- RBCs
- PLTs
45%
Blood ___
- The liquid portion of unclotted blood
plasma
Blood ___
- The liquid portion of clotted blood.
Blood serum
- Plasma ___%.
- Water
- Solutes
55%
Plasma Water, ___ %
92%
Plasma ____, 8%
- Plasma proteins
- Miscellaneous solutes
Plasma Solutes
Plasma ___, 7-8%
- Albumins
- Globulins
- Fibrinogen
Plasma Proteins
Plasma ___, 0.25%
- Gas
- NO2
- O2
Plasma Miscellaneous
- Layer
- WBC
- PLTs.
Buffy Coat
Blood ___ is increased, when compared to water.
Viscosity
The temperature of the blood is ___℃ in the body.
38
Blood pH is ___.
7.35-7.45
Blood color is red but varies on ___ content.
oxygen
Blood volume is ___ liters, varies on gender and body mass.
4-6
____, the development of formed elements of blood in red-marrow from pluripotent stem cells.
Matures in bone-marrow or lymphoid.
Hematopoiesis
___ increase the production of hematopoiesis.
Cytokines
The ___ stem cell creates RBC’s, Neutrophils or Leukocytes.
pluripotent
In hyper-eosinophils-syndrome, interleukin ___ is inhibited for treatment.
5
The shape of the RBCs is Bi ___Disk. Reverse deformity.
Concave
Mature RBCs lack a ___, no means of self-repairing and mitochondria, they do not metabolize oxygen.
Nucleus
___ x10⁶ RBCs are the normal range.
4-6
RBCs contain ___ million hemoglobin (HgB) molecules.
280
Each HgB molecule contains ___ heme, it contains iron and one oxygen molecules.
4
Each HgB ____ contains 4 polypeptide chains.
globin
___ x10⁶ RBCs/mm³ are created in erythropoiesis.
4-6
Hypoxemia stimulates ___ in red-marrow speeds up maturation and release of RBCs.
erythropoietin
___ count measures the rate of erythropoiesis (immature RBCs)
Reticulocyte
In RBC maturation, the cells ___ in size.
decrease
The ____ count is the percentage of whole blood occupied by RBCs.
hematocrit
Women tend to average ____ % Hct because they tend to lose blood.
45
- Excess RBCs.
- Viscosity increases
- Two types
Polycythemia
___ Polycythemia
- “is the problem”
- May increase all formed elements.
- May require bloodletting.
Primary Polycythemia
___ Polycythemia
- “something else”.
- sleep apnea
- Any other cause of hypoxemia.
- Dehydration. Smokin
Secondary Polycythemia
___ Polycythemia
- Dehydration
- Relative to blood volume
Relative Polycythemia
- RBCs [L] or HgB [L].
- Classified by
- RBC size
- Hemoglobin content
Anemia
___ Anemia
- Too big
- Not developed right
- Immature,
Macrocytic Anemia
___ Anemia
- Not enough RBCs (Aplastic)
- or hemorrhaging.
Normocytic Anemia
___ Anemia
- Not full of hemoglobin
- Problem with HgB synthesis
Microcytic Anemia
___ Anemia
- Color is too not red.
Hypochromic Anemia
___ Anemia
- Color is too red.
Hyperchromic Anemia
___ Anemia
- Caused by Bleeding.
Hemorrhagic Anemia
___ ___ Anemia
- Unable to produce hemoglobin
- lack of iron
Iron Deficient Anemia
___ Anemia
- Lack of B12 absorption in the GI tract.
Pernicious Anemia
___ Anemia
- Red cell lysis.
Hemolytic Anemia
___ Anemia
- Lack of cell production in the bone marrow.
Aplastic Anemia
Leukocytes (WBCs) ___ x10³ range.
5-10
WBCs are larger than RBCs, include ___ but lack Hgb.
nuclei
Granulocyte WBCs stains granules, they include ___, ___, and ___.
eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils.
Agranulocytes WBCs lack granule stain, they include ___ and ___.
monocytes, lymphocytes
____ disease;
- WBC count > 10.0x10³
- Normal psychological response to disease.
- Pneumonia.
- Appendicitis,
- Abscess.
- Leukemia.
Leukocytosis
____ disease;
- WBC count > 25-400x10³.
- Abnormal.
- Bone marrow production increase.
Leukemia
____ disease;
- WBC count < 10.0x10³.
- Never a normal response.
- Aids.
- Chemotherapy.
- Bone marrow failure.
Leukopenia
A WBC ___ uses a percentage of WBCs in the blood to diagnose disease.
diff
In the WBC diff:
____ [H].
- Bacterial infections.
- Treat with Antibiotics.
Granulocytes
In the WBC diff:
____ [H].
- Viral infections.
- Treat with Antivirals.
Lymphocytes
Mnemonics for Granulocytes:
Never Let Monkeys Eat Burritos.
70%, 20%, 5%, 4%, 1%.
WBC diff
- ___ [70%].
- Granular cytoplasm.
- Phagocytes.
- Prominent in acute inflammation and bacterial inflammation.
Neutrophils
WBC diff
- [2-4%].
- Large red granules.
- Prominent in allergic response and parasite infections.
Eosinophils
WBC diff
- [0-1%].
- Large blue to black.
- Chronic inflammation responses.
Basophils
WBC diff
- [20-25%].
- Participate in acquired cellular immunity.
- Major role in viral infections
- Cancer preventions.
Lymphocytes
WBC diff
- [2-8%].
- Chronic inflammation and infections.
- Enlarge and mature into macrophages in various tissues of the body.
Monocytes
The cytoplasmic fragments ___, of megakaryocytes from leaving the bone marrow.
Help form platelet plug.
Platelets
The ___ process by which bleeding is stopped.
Three mechanisms, vascular spasm, platelet formation, and coagulation.
Hemostasis
In hemostasis, ___ ___ involuntary contracts to try to stop bleeding.
vascular spam
In hemostasis, ___ ___ causes PLTs to stick, forming a clog to stop bleeding.
platelet plug
In hemostasis, ___ forms fibrin strands that stabilizes the PLT-plug.
coagulation
The ___ is a series of enzymatic reactions designed to activate specific coagulation proteins.
Coagulation
The ___ ___ are meshes that holds blood clots together.
Fibrin threads
The ___ pathway activation involves either the extrinsic or intrinsic pathway merges at the common pathway.
Clotting Pathway Activation
The common pathway begins with the formation of the enzyme ___, it converts prothrombin to thrombin.
prothrombinase
The ___ converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
thrombin
___ forms clots and strengthens the PLT-plug.
Fibrin
A ___ is a stationary blood clot.
Thrombus
A ____ is a circulating particle (clot) that may abstract a blood vessel. Fat, air, cholesterol, plaque
Embolus
A ___ is a mobile clot that is dislodged from its primary site and travels to another site.
Thromboembolus
The ___ system also called the “unclot” system. Plasminogen to plasmin.
Fibrinolytic System
The ___ is the potent proteolytic enzyme in the fibrinolytic system, responsible for plasminogen conversion.
Dissolves clots by digesting fibrin.
Plasmin
The ___ are chemicals that stop or slow the clotting process.
Anticoagulants
The anticoagulant ___ inactivates thrombin and factor X.
Heparin
The anticoagulant ___ interferes with the synthesis of clotting proteins.
Warfarin
The anticoagulant ___ binds to calcium.
Sodium Citrate
The ___ chemicals breakdown clots already formed. Tissue-Plasminogen activator (TPA).
Thrombolytics
The ___ RBCs is a cell surface protein that is a target for an immune response.
Antigen
The Plasma ___ is a protein that attacks cell protein targets for immune response.
Antibody
ABO-blood groups determined by ___ antigens on the red cell surface.
AB
ABO-blood groups ___ -gene codes for the A-Antigen.
A
ABO-blood groups ___-gene codes for the B-Antigen.
B
ABO-blood groups ___-gene codes for the lack of A/B-antigens.
O
___ Type makes Anti-B antibodies.
A-Type
___ Type makes Anti-A antibodies.
B-Type
___ Type makes Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies.
O-Type
___ Type makes neither Anti-A nor Anti-B antibodies.
AB-Type
___ ___, A person with blood type-AB.
Universal Recipient
___ ___, A persons with blood type-O.
Universal Donor
___ factor, the determinant of positive or negative blood, referred to as “D”.
Rh Factor
A blood problem in the newborn when a baby’s RBCs break down at a fast rate. Rh factor involved.
Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN) —
In HDN, typically father and son are ___, while the mother is Rh-.
Rh +
In HDN, the mother makes ____ antibodies which attack the fetus.
Anti-Rh Antibodies
___ tricks mother immune system into thinking it does not need to make its own anti-Rh antibodies.
Rhogam
The ___ system consisting of lymphatic vessels through which clear fluid (lymph) passes.
Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system drains ___ fluid in-between cells into lymph vessels.
Interstitial
The lymphatic system transports ___ absorbed from the GI-tract into the blood.
Fat
- Extracellular fluids.
- Filtered through capillaries wall to form interstitial fluid.
Plasma
- Clear fluid.
- Resorbed back into the blood.
Interstitial fluid
Unaltered interstitial fluid in the lymphatic vessels.
Lymphatic fluid
The left-side of the body drains by the ___ ___.
thoracic duct
The right-side is drained by the ____ `.
right lymphatic duct
___ Lymphatic Organs — Location where stem cells divide to produce immune cells. Bone marrow and thymus.
Primary
___ Lymphatic Organs — Locations of cell maturation and immune activation responses. Lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid tissue (tonsils, MALT).
Secondary
____ organ = T-Cells
Thymus
— Like lymph node but for blood.
Spleen
____ — They serve as filters for lymph fluid. Foreign objects trapped and destroyed. Groups of lymph nodes.
Lymph nodes
Lymph fluid enters through the ___ vessels, exits efferent.
afferent
— First line of defense. Non-Specific. Non-Adaptive. Barriers. Skin. Mucous. Microbiota. Inflammation. Phagocytes. Fever.
Innate Immunity
— Specific. Adaptive. Barriers. T-Cell. B-Cell. Plasma-Cell. Antibodies. Enzymes.
Adaptive Immunity
— The innate immunities defense “keeps it out”. Includes: Skin. Mucous membranes. Lacrimation. Salvation. Urine flow. Vaginal secretions. Defecation. Vomiting.
First Line
— The innate immunities defense “get it out”. Internal. Includes: Antimicrobials. Complement System. Iron-Binding Proteins. Interferon. Phagocytes. NK-Cells.
Second Line
— Abnormal high body temperature. Reseting of hypothalamic thermostat. Non-specific response. Speeds up body reactions. Increases effects of endogenous antimicrobials. Sequesters nutrients from microbes.
Fever
Inflammation — ____ response.
Non-specific
Inflammation. Non-specific response. Has local signs. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___.
Redness, pain, heat, swelling. Possible loss of function.
In inflammation, ___ cause heat. This helps vasodilation.
pyrogens
Chemotaxis
Phagocytosis
Emigration
Vasodilation
The complement system is ___ line of defense. System of proteins that help destroy something.
second
The ___ complement proteins recognize.
C1-4
The ___ complement proteins promotes inflammation.
C3a
The ___ complement proteins coats surface of the cell, encourages phagocytosis.
C3b
The ___ complement proteins attack the membrane through complex MAC.
C5-9
The antigen ____ covers complement components on microbes, enhances phagocytosis.
opsonization
The adaptive immunity is ___ driven. A third line of defense.
lymphocyte
A substance is ___ if it is: foreign or seen as foreign, organic, structurally complex, large enough.
antigenic
An antigens ___ can have multiple sites that will induce an immune response.
epitope
In adaptive immunity, ____: produced in bone marrow, mature in thymus. T helper (CD4+) cells cells help with immune response. T cytotoxic (CD8+) kills cells. T regulator cells. Memory t helper cells.
t lymphocytes
In adaptive immunity, ___: produce and mature in bone marrow. Activated to become plasma cells, produce antibodies.
B lymphocytes
In ____ mediated immunity (adaptive), t cytotoxic lymphocytes: detect and destroy abnormal cells. Virally-infected cells, cancer cells, cells infect by intercellular bacterial.
cell
In ____ mediated immunity also called humoral (adaptive), b lymphocytes become activated to become plasma cells and produce antibodies.
antibody
A ___ complex is a group of genes that code for a group of transmembrane proteins, on the surface of all nucleated cells.
MHC
The ___ / ____ molecules classes are important for antigen processing and presentation.
MHC I / MHC II
The ___ molecules present on all body cells, except RBCs.
MHC I
The ___ molecules present on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). APCs have a primary responsibility to present antigen to other components of the immune system. APCs are usually phagocytes, but B-Cells can be APCs.
MHC II
___ antigen — antigen from outside, able to be processed by immune system.
Exogenous
In ___ ___ activation, activated by directed recognition of antigen.
b-cell
Antibodies ___ antigens, restricting virus binding to receptors. Toxin neutralization.
neutralize
___ antibodies show up at the second response, live longest, about 80% of total antibody, cross placenta.
IgG
___ antibodies, primary responders, short lived, first to be secreted by plasma antibodies.
IgM
____ antibodies most numbers in body secretions, dimmer four antigen binding sites.
IgA
____ antibodies involved in allergic reactions, monomer, trigger mast cells.
IgE
___ immunity — immunity not gained through modern medicine.
Natural
___ immunity — immunity gained through artificial means.
Artificial
___ immunity — the body responds to a pathogen (antigen) to make antibodies (long-term immunity).
Active
___ Immunity — the body simply receives antibodies with no effort of its own (short-term immunity).
Passive
Active immunity is ___, passive immunity is short-term.
long-term,
- ability to recognize ones own cellular markers.
Self recognition
— the immune system must leave self antigens alone.
Self tolerance
IgG
IgM
