M.15 Flashcards

1
Q
  • A connective tissue.
  • Cells and formed elements
    • WBCs,
    • RBCs,
    • PLTs.
  • Extracellular fluid matrix, plasma.
  • FUNC:
    • Homeostasis,
    • Transport,
    • regulation,
    • protection.
A

Blood

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2
Q
  • Cells ___ %
  • Formed elements
    • WBCs
    • RBCs
    • PLTs
A

45%

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3
Q

Blood ___

  • The liquid portion of unclotted blood
A

plasma

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4
Q

Blood ___

  • The liquid portion of clotted blood.
A

Blood serum

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5
Q
  • Plasma ___%.
    • Water
    • Solutes
A

55%

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6
Q

Plasma Water, ___ %

A

92%

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7
Q

Plasma ____, 8%

  • Plasma proteins
  • Miscellaneous solutes
A

Plasma Solutes

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8
Q

Plasma ___, 7-8%

  • Albumins
  • Globulins
  • Fibrinogen
A

Plasma Proteins

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9
Q

Plasma ___, 0.25%

  • Gas
  • NO2
  • O2
A

Plasma Miscellaneous

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10
Q
  • Layer
    • WBC
    • PLTs.
A

Buffy Coat

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11
Q

Blood ___ is increased, when compared to water.

A

Viscosity

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12
Q

The temperature of the blood is ___℃ in the body.

A

38

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13
Q

Blood pH is ___.

A

7.35-7.45

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14
Q

Blood color is red but varies on ___ content.

A

oxygen

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15
Q

Blood volume is ___ liters, varies on gender and body mass.

A

4-6

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16
Q

____, the development of formed elements of blood in red-marrow from pluripotent stem cells.

Matures in bone-marrow or lymphoid.

A

Hematopoiesis

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17
Q

___ increase the production of hematopoiesis.

A

Cytokines

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18
Q

The ___ stem cell creates RBC’s, Neutrophils or Leukocytes.

A

pluripotent

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19
Q

In hyper-eosinophils-syndrome, interleukin ___ is inhibited for treatment.

A

5

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20
Q

The shape of the RBCs is Bi ___Disk. Reverse deformity.

A

Concave

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21
Q

Mature RBCs lack a ___, no means of self-repairing and mitochondria, they do not metabolize oxygen.

A

Nucleus

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22
Q

___ x10⁶ RBCs are the normal range.

A

4-6

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23
Q

RBCs contain ___ million hemoglobin (HgB) molecules.

A

280

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24
Q

Each HgB molecule contains ___ heme, it contains iron and one oxygen molecules.

A

4

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25
Each HgB ____ contains 4 polypeptide chains.
globin
26
\_\_\_ x10⁶ RBCs/mm³ are created in erythropoiesis.
4-6
27
Hypoxemia stimulates ___ in red-marrow speeds up maturation and release of RBCs.
erythropoietin
28
\_\_\_ count measures the rate of erythropoiesis (immature RBCs)
Reticulocyte
29
In RBC maturation, the cells ___ in size.
decrease
30
The ____ count is the percentage of whole blood occupied by RBCs.
hematocrit
31
Women tend to average ____ % Hct because they tend to lose blood.
45
32
* Excess RBCs. * Viscosity increases * Two types
**Polycythemia**
33
**\_\_\_ Polycythemia** * “is the problem” * May increase all formed elements. * May require bloodletting.
**Primary Polycythemia**
34
**\_\_\_ Polycythemia** * “something else”. * sleep apnea * Any other cause of hypoxemia. * Dehydration. Smokin
**Secondary Polycythemia**
35
**\_\_\_ Polycythemia** * Dehydration * Relative to blood volume
**Relative Polycythemia**
36
* RBCs [L] or HgB [L]. * Classified by * RBC size * Hemoglobin content
Anemia
37
\_\_\_ Anemia * Too big * Not developed right * Immature,
Macrocytic Anemia
38
\_\_\_ Anemia * Not enough RBCs (Aplastic) * or hemorrhaging.
Normocytic Anemia
39
\_\_\_ Anemia * Not full of hemoglobin * Problem with HgB synthesis
Microcytic Anemia
40
\_\_\_ Anemia * Color is too not red.
Hypochromic Anemia
41
\_\_\_ Anemia * Color is too red.
Hyperchromic Anemia
42
\_\_\_ Anemia * Caused by Bleeding.
Hemorrhagic Anemia
43
\_\_\_ ___ Anemia * Unable to produce hemoglobin * lack of iron
Iron Deficient Anemia
44
\_\_\_ Anemia * Lack of B12 absorption in the GI tract.
Pernicious Anemia
45
\_\_\_ Anemia * Red cell lysis.
Hemolytic Anemia
46
\_\_\_ Anemia * Lack of cell production in the bone marrow.
Aplastic Anemia
47
Leukocytes (WBCs) ___ x10³ range.
5-10
48
WBCs are larger than RBCs, include ___ but lack Hgb.
nuclei
49
Granulocyte WBCs stains granules, they include \_\_\_, \_\_\_, and \_\_\_.
eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils.
50
Agranulocytes WBCs lack granule stain, they include ___ and \_\_\_.
monocytes, lymphocytes
51
\_\_\_\_ disease; * WBC count \> 10.0x10³ * Normal psychological response to disease. * Pneumonia. * Appendicitis, * Abscess. * Leukemia.
Leukocytosis
52
\_\_\_\_ disease; * WBC count \> 25-400x10³. * Abnormal. * Bone marrow production increase.
Leukemia
53
\_\_\_\_ disease; * WBC count \< 10.0x10³. * Never a normal response. * Aids. * Chemotherapy. * Bone marrow failure.
Leukopenia
54
A WBC ___ uses a percentage of WBCs in the blood to diagnose disease.
diff
55
In the WBC diff: \_\_\_\_ [H]. * Bacterial infections. * Treat with **Antibiotics**.
**Granulocytes**
56
In the WBC diff: \_\_\_\_ [H]. * Viral infections. * Treat with **Antivirals**.
Lymphocytes
57
Mnemonics for Granulocytes:
Never Let Monkeys Eat Burritos. 70%, 20%, 5%, 4%, 1%.
58
WBC diff * ___ [70%]. * Granular cytoplasm. * Phagocytes. * Prominent in acute **inflammation** and bacterial inflammation.
Neutrophils
59
WBC diff * [2-4%]. * Large red granules. * Prominent in **allergic** response and parasite infections.
Eosinophils
60
WBC diff * [0-1%]. * Large blue to black. * **Chronic inflammation** responses.
Basophils
61
WBC diff * [20-25%]. * Participate in **acquired cellular immunity**. * Major role in viral infections * Cancer preventions.
Lymphocytes
62
WBC diff * [2-8%]. * **Chronic inflammation** and infections. * Enlarge and mature into **macrophages** in various tissues of the body.
Monocytes
63
The cytoplasmic fragments \_\_\_, of megakaryocytes from leaving the bone marrow. Help form platelet plug.
Platelets
64
The ___ process by which bleeding is stopped. Three mechanisms, vascular spasm, platelet formation, and coagulation.
Hemostasis
65
In hemostasis, ___ \_\_\_ involuntary contracts to try to stop bleeding.
vascular spam
66
In hemostasis, ___ \_\_\_ causes PLTs to stick, forming a clog to stop bleeding.
platelet plug
67
In hemostasis, ___ forms fibrin strands that stabilizes the PLT-plug.
coagulation
68
The ___ is a series of enzymatic reactions designed to activate specific coagulation proteins.
Coagulation
69
The ___ \_\_\_ are meshes that holds blood clots together.
Fibrin threads
70
The ___ pathway activation involves either the extrinsic or intrinsic pathway merges at the common pathway.
Clotting Pathway Activation
71
The common pathway begins with the formation of the enzyme \_\_\_, it converts prothrombin to thrombin.
prothrombinase
72
The ___ converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
thrombin
73
\_\_\_ forms clots and strengthens the PLT-plug.
Fibrin
74
A ___ is a stationary blood clot.
Thrombus
75
A ____ is a circulating particle (clot) that may abstract a blood vessel. Fat, air, cholesterol, plaque
Embolus
76
A ___ is a mobile clot that is dislodged from its primary site and travels to another site.
Thromboembolus
77
The ___ system also called the “unclot” system. Plasminogen to plasmin.
Fibrinolytic System
78
The ___ is the potent proteolytic enzyme in the fibrinolytic system, responsible for plasminogen conversion. ## Footnote **Dissolves clots by digesting fibrin.**
Plasmin
79
The ___ are chemicals that stop or slow the clotting process.
Anticoagulants
80
The anticoagulant ___ inactivates thrombin and factor X.
Heparin
81
The anticoagulant ___ interferes with the synthesis of clotting proteins.
Warfarin
82
The anticoagulant ___ binds to calcium.
Sodium Citrate
83
The ___ chemicals breakdown clots already formed. Tissue-Plasminogen activator (TPA).
Thrombolytics
84
The ___ RBCs is a cell surface protein that is a target for an immune response.
Antigen
85
The Plasma ___ is a protein that attacks cell protein targets for immune response.
Antibody
86
ABO-blood groups determined by ___ antigens on the red cell surface.
AB
87
ABO-blood groups ___ -gene codes for the A-Antigen.
A
88
ABO-blood groups \_\_\_-gene codes for the B-Antigen.
B
89
ABO-blood groups \_\_\_-gene codes for the lack of A/B-antigens.
O
90
\_\_\_ Type makes Anti-B antibodies.
A-Type
91
\_\_\_ Type makes Anti-A antibodies.
B-Type
92
\_\_\_ Type makes Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies.
O-Type
93
\_\_\_ Type makes neither Anti-A nor Anti-B antibodies.
AB-Type
94
\_\_\_ \_\_\_, A person with blood type-AB.
Universal Recipient
95
\_\_\_ \_\_\_, A persons with blood type-O.
Universal Donor
96
\_\_\_ factor, the determinant of positive or negative blood, referred to as “D”.
Rh Factor
97
A blood problem in the newborn when a baby's RBCs break down at a fast rate. Rh factor involved.
Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN) —
98
In HDN, typically father and son are \_\_\_, while the mother is Rh-.
Rh +
99
In HDN, the mother makes ____ antibodies which attack the fetus.
Anti-Rh Antibodies
100
\_\_\_ tricks mother immune system into thinking it does not need to make its own anti-Rh antibodies.
Rhogam
101
The ___ system consisting of lymphatic vessels through which clear fluid (lymph) passes.
Lymphatic System
102
The lymphatic system drains ___ fluid in-between cells into lymph vessels.
Interstitial
103
The lymphatic system transports ___ absorbed from the GI-tract into the blood.
Fat
104
* Extracellular fluids. * Filtered through capillaries wall to form interstitial fluid.
Plasma
105
* Clear fluid. * Resorbed back into the blood.
Interstitial fluid
106
Unaltered interstitial fluid in the lymphatic vessels.
Lymphatic fluid
107
The left-side of the body drains by the ___ \_\_\_.
thoracic duct
108
The right-side is drained by the ____ `.
right lymphatic duct
109
\_\_\_ Lymphatic Organs — Location where stem cells divide to produce immune cells. Bone marrow and thymus.
Primary
110
\_\_\_ Lymphatic Organs — Locations of cell maturation and immune activation responses. Lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid tissue (tonsils, MALT).
Secondary
111
\_\_\_\_ organ = T-Cells
Thymus
112
— Like lymph node but for blood.
Spleen
113
\_\_\_\_ — They serve as filters for lymph fluid. Foreign objects trapped and destroyed. Groups of lymph nodes.
Lymph nodes
114
Lymph fluid enters through the ___ vessels, exits efferent.
afferent
115
— First line of defense. Non-Specific. Non-Adaptive. Barriers. Skin. Mucous. Microbiota. Inflammation. Phagocytes. Fever.
Innate Immunity
116
— Specific. Adaptive. Barriers. T-Cell. B-Cell. Plasma-Cell. Antibodies. Enzymes.
Adaptive Immunity
117
— The innate immunities defense “keeps it out”. Includes: Skin. Mucous membranes. Lacrimation. Salvation. Urine flow. Vaginal secretions. Defecation. Vomiting.
First Line
118
— The innate immunities defense “get it out”. Internal. Includes: Antimicrobials. Complement System. Iron-Binding Proteins. Interferon. Phagocytes. NK-Cells.
Second Line
119
— Abnormal high body temperature. Reseting of hypothalamic thermostat. Non-specific response. Speeds up body reactions. Increases effects of endogenous antimicrobials. Sequesters nutrients from microbes.
Fever
120
Inflammation — ____ response.
Non-specific
121
Inflammation. Non-specific response. Has local signs. ___ \_\_\_ ___ \_\_\_ \_\_\_.
Redness, pain, heat, swelling. Possible loss of function.
122
In inflammation, ___ cause heat. This helps vasodilation.
pyrogens
123
Chemotaxis
124
Phagocytosis
125
Emigration
126
Vasodilation
127
The complement system is ___ line of defense. System of proteins that help destroy something.
second
128
The ___ complement proteins recognize.
C1-4
129
The ___ complement proteins promotes inflammation.
C3a
130
The ___ complement proteins coats surface of the cell, encourages phagocytosis.
C3b
131
The ___ complement proteins attack the membrane through complex MAC.
C5-9
132
The antigen ____ covers complement components on microbes, enhances phagocytosis.
opsonization
133
The adaptive immunity is ___ driven. A third line of defense.
lymphocyte
134
A substance is ___ if it is: foreign or seen as foreign, organic, structurally complex, large enough.
antigenic
135
An antigens ___ can have multiple sites that will induce an immune response.
epitope
136
In adaptive immunity, \_\_\_\_: produced in bone marrow, mature in thymus. T helper (CD4+) cells cells help with immune response. T cytotoxic (CD8+) kills cells. T regulator cells. Memory t helper cells.
t lymphocytes
137
In adaptive immunity, \_\_\_: produce and mature in bone marrow. Activated to become plasma cells, produce antibodies.
B lymphocytes
138
In ____ mediated immunity (adaptive), t cytotoxic lymphocytes: detect and destroy abnormal cells. Virally-infected cells, cancer cells, cells infect by intercellular bacterial.
cell
139
In ____ mediated immunity also called humoral (adaptive), b lymphocytes become activated to become plasma cells and produce antibodies.
antibody
140
A ___ complex is a group of genes that code for a group of transmembrane proteins, on the surface of all nucleated cells.
MHC
141
The ___ / ____ molecules classes are important for antigen processing and presentation.
MHC I / MHC II
142
The ___ molecules present on all body cells, except RBCs.
MHC I
143
The ___ molecules present on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). APCs have a primary responsibility to present antigen to other components of the immune system. APCs are usually phagocytes, but B-Cells can be APCs.
MHC II
144
\_\_\_ antigen — antigen from outside, able to be processed by immune system.
Exogenous
145
In ___ \_\_\_ activation, activated by directed recognition of antigen.
b-cell
146
Antibodies ___ antigens, restricting virus binding to receptors. Toxin neutralization.
neutralize
147
\_\_\_ antibodies show up at the second response, live longest, about 80% of total antibody, cross placenta.
IgG
148
\_\_\_ antibodies, primary responders, short lived, first to be secreted by plasma antibodies.
IgM
149
\_\_\_\_ antibodies most numbers in body secretions, dimmer four antigen binding sites.
IgA
150
\_\_\_\_ antibodies involved in allergic reactions, monomer, trigger mast cells.
IgE
151
\_\_\_ immunity — immunity not gained through modern medicine.
Natural
152
\_\_\_ immunity — immunity gained through artificial means.
Artificial
153
\_\_\_ immunity — the body responds to a pathogen (antigen) to make antibodies (long-term immunity).
Active
154
\_\_\_ Immunity — the body simply receives antibodies with no effort of its own (short-term immunity).
Passive
155
Active immunity is \_\_\_, passive immunity is short-term.
long-term,
156
- ability to recognize ones own cellular markers.
Self recognition
157
— the immune system must leave self antigens alone.
Self tolerance
158
IgG
159
IgM