M.12 Flashcards
vertebrae is like cereal at
C7
vertebrae is like lunch at
T12
vertebrae is like supper at
L5
vertebrae is like where cake goes after meals
S5
(but is fused).
The last vertebrae
Coccyx
fused
Where the spinal cord tapers
filum terminale
Three layers that covers the CNS.
meninges
The most superficial meninges
dura mater
The middle meninges
arachnoid mater
The most deep meninges, contains astrocytes
pia mater
It contains shock-absorbing cerebrospinal fluid / CSF.
subarachnoid space
The spinal cord ends these nerve roots
cauda equina
The lumber puncture occurs here, the *cauda equina* floats away, allowing CSF collection.
L3/L4
gray or white matter?
gray matter
gray or white matter?
white matter
A mixed nerve, carries motor and sensory, between the spinalcord and body.
Spinal nerve
the efferent motor root of a spinal nerve.
Anterior root
The front column of grey matter in the spinal cord.
Anterior horn
It consists of axons from motor neurons whose cell bodies are found within the gray matter of the spinal cord.
anterior roots
One of two “roots” which emerge from the spinal cord.
Posterior root
A cluster of neurons.
posterior root ganglion
emerge from the spinal cord
posterior roots
receives several types of sensory information from the body
posterior horn
part of the SNS, receives input from brain stem, organs, and hypothalamus
Lateral horns
branch of a spinal nerve
ramus
C1 – C5
innervates back of the head, neck muscles.
Cervical plexus
C3-C5
innervates the diaphragm
phrenic nerve
C5 – T1
supplies afferent and efferent nerve fibers to the chest, shoulder, arm and hand.
brachial plexus
C5-C8 & T1
innervate the thumb and nearby structures
radial nerve
C5-C8, T1
coarse movements of the hand
median nerve
C8-T1
innervate the little finger
ulnar nerve
L1 – L4
innervates upper thigh
lumbar plexus
L4, L5, S1 – S4
innervate the perineal region, buttocks and the lower limb.
sacral plexus
L4 to S3
largest, innervates leg
sciatic nerve
contain postganglionic cell bodies for the effector organs of the thorax and abdomen.
sympathetic trunk ganglia
For the effector organs of the head (eye, salivary glands)
superior cervical ganglion
parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract
vagus nerve
becomes the basal ganglia
Telencephalon
The telencephalon’s (blue structure) has theses caudate nucleus, putamen, globes pallidus. It controls movement.
Basal Nuclei
Telencephalon: All dedicated to consciousness.
Cerebral Cortex
control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, habit learning, eye movements, cognition, and emotion.
Basal nuclei
the upper portion of the brain
Diencephalon
The portion where you find the pineal gland, produces melatonin.
Epithalamus, pineal gland
relay for all sensory and motor information
does not register smell.
Thalamus
The portion responsible for homeostasis, contains pituitary gland (red).
Hypothalamus
the arbor vitae, habits and skills that are subconscious.
Cerebellum
The portion between the pons and brain, contains oculomotor nerves.
Brainstem (midbrain)
midbrain part, secretes dopamine
substantia nigra
it helps rely information, breathing.
Pons
It controls HB, respiration and *vomiting*, process pain and temperature. It controls the tongue.
Medulla oblongata
Reflexes; sensory tracts bring information up from body surface and motor tracts bring information down to body muscles
Spinal cord
carries pain and temperature information
anterolateral system (ALS)
splnothalamcl tract
carry light touch, vibration, and proprioception information.
dorsal (posterior) columns
(gracile and cuneate fasciculi)
carries information from the motor cortex to the alpha motor neurons, which in turn innervate the body’s voluntary muscles.
lateral corticospinal tract
The fibers from motor cortex to spinal cord pass through the midbrain as the
crus cerebri
contains most of the dopamine neurons in the cerebral cortex.
The dopaminergic pathways = reward, attention, short-term memory tasks, planning, and motivation.
Frontal lobe
integrates sensory information
parietal
processing sensory input into derived meanings for visual, language, and emotion
temporal
visual processing center
occipital
emotional center, memory
Insular lobe
prominent landmark, separating parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex.
central sulcus
involved with motor informatoin
Precentral gyrus
responsible for sensensory
postcentral glyrus
The frontal and parietal lobes are separated from the temporal lobe by the
Lateral sulcus
The parietal lobe and occipital lobe are separated by the
Parietooccipital sulcus
separates the brain into two hemispheres
medial longitudinal fissure
separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.
transverse fissure
(postcentra glyrus) receiving information about the face and body surface. Taste is also here, and nearby in area 43.
primary somatosensory cortex
BA-4. sends axons to the a motor neurons of spinal cord (executing movement).
primary motor cortex
BA-44-45. Functions linked to speech production
Broca’s area
BA-17-18-19. Processes visual information.
Visual cortex
BA-17. Processes static and moving objects, pattern recognition.
primary visual cortex or striate cortex.
BA-43. Perception of taste.
Primary gustatory cortex
BA-6: Planning of complex, coordinated movements.
supplementary motor area
BA-8: control of eye movements
frontal eye fields
BA-41-42: first cortical destination of auditory information
primary auditory cortex
BA-22*.Responsible for the understanding of speech sounds.
*lower
Wernicke’s area
contains Ependyma
Lateral Ventricles
Fourth ventricle
Interventricular foramen
Lateral aperture
median aperture
contains cells that produces the cerebrospinal fluid
choroid plexus
connects both hemispheres togethers
corpus callosum
The structures involved in motivation, emotion, learning, and memory.
limbic lobe
associated mainly with memory, in particular long-term memory
hippocampus
recollective memory
Mammillary body
thermoregulation (cooling) of the body
Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory.
cingulate gyrus
memory encoding and retrieval
parahippocampal gyrus
spatial memory
Mammillothalamic tract
smell sensory
(I) Olfactory
vision sensory
(II) Optic
eye motor
(III) Oculomotor
eye motor, pulls up
(IV) Trochlear
motor and sensory
mouth motor,
face, maxillary and mandibullar sensory
(V) Trigeminal
eye motor, pulls to sides
(VI) Abducens
motor face,
sensory taste
saliva
(VII) Facial Nerve
sensory,
Balance & Hearing
(VIII) Vestibulocochlear
Tongue (mouth) & Pharynx
sensory and motor
(IX) Glossopharyngeal
Sensory and Motor
heart, lungs, and digestive tract.
(x) Vagus
Motor
sternocleidomastoid, trapezius muscles.
(VI) Accessory
Motor
tongue
(VII) Hypoglossal
