M.14

Question 1

The ___ is the “nervous control system”, TRH (→TSH), CRH (stress), GHRH (→GH), dopamine (motivational), somatostatin (inhibits glucagon and insulin), and vasopressin (Antidiuretic).

Answer 1

Hypothalamus

Question 2

• The ___ ___ is the master gland, GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, MSH, LH, Prolactin, Oxytocin, Vasopressin.

Answer 2

Pituitary gland

Question 3

The ___ ___ produce adrenaline (fight or flight), aldosterone (sodium), and cortisol (stress/glucose).

Answer 3

Adrenal Gland

Question 4

The ___ ___ secretes T3 and T4 and Calcitonin.

Answer 4

Thyroid Gland

Question 5

The ___ ___ secrete PTH (raises blood calcium).

Answer 5

Parathyroid Gland

Question 6

The ___ produces IGF (stimulate growth) and THPO (platelets production)

Answer 6

Liver

Question 7

The ___ ___ secrete androgens (development and maintenance male), GlucoCorticoids (inflammation), Adrenaline (fight-or-flight) and Noradrenaline (Stress).

Answer 7

Adrenal Glands

Question 8

The ___ produces calcitriol, renin, and erythropoietin.

Answer 8

Kidney

Question 9

The ___ produce androgens, estradiol, and inhibin.

Answer 9

Testes

Question 10

The ___ gland is part of both the lymphatic system and the endocrine system.

Answer 10

Thymus

Question 11

The ___ ___ is an endocrine gland, produces melatonin, modulates sleep patterns.

Answer 11

Pineal Gland

Question 12

The ___ has as an endocrine gland function to regulate blood sugar levels, secreting the hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide.

It secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, contains bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acid.

Answer 12

Pancreas

Question 13

The ___ and placenta produce estrogen and progesterone.

Answer 13

Ovary

Question 14

The ___ secretes prolactin and relaxin.

Answer 14

Uterus

Question 15

The ___ produces gastrin, ghrelin, histamine, somatostatin, and neuropeptide y.

Answer 15

Stomach

Question 16

A good mnemonic for pituitary hormones is?

Draw it.

Answer 16

F.L.A.G. T.P.

M.issed

A.ny O.ther

Question 17

Answer 17

Lipid-Soluble Hormone

Question 18

Actived receptor-hormone alters _____ _____.

Answer 18

Gene Expression

Question 19

Newly formed ___ directs the synthesis of a specific protein on ribosomes.

Answer 19

mRNA

Question 20

New proteins alter cells ___

Answer 20

Activity

Question 21

Binding of ___ ___ activates G-Protein.

Answer 21

First Messenger

Question 22

Activated adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to ___.

Answer 22

cAMP

Question 23

cAMP serves as a ___ ___ to activate kinases.

Answer 23

Second Messenger

Question 24

Activated kinases ___ cellular proteins.

Answer 24

Phosphorylate

Question 25

Millions of phosphorylated proteins cause a reaction, producing a ____ response.

Answer 25

**Physiological**

Question 26

\_\_\_\_\_ inactivates cAMP

Answer 26

**Phosphodiesterase**

Question 27

Answer 27

**Isthmus**

Question 28

\_\_\_ cells produce **Calcitonin**

Answer 28

**Parafollicular Cell**

Question 29

The ___ cells produce T3/T4.

Answer 29

**Follicular Cell**

Question 30

Responsible for production and secretion of the T4 and T3

Answer 30

Thyroid Follicle

Question 31

* Glycoprotein produced by follicular cells * Amino acid tyrosine. * Tyrosine is the site where iodine binds.

Answer 31

**Thyroglobulin** (Colloid)

Question 32

* In ___ \_\_\_, iodide is transported from the blood into follicular cells.

Answer 32

**Iodide Trapping**

Question 33

In ___ \_\_\_, thyroglobulin is produced by follicular cells, this glycoprotein tyrosine site allows iodine binding.

Answer 33

**Thyroglobulin Synthesis**

Question 34

In ___ \_\_\_, iodide losses e^– (elections) in order to bind with tyrosine in thyroglobulin.

Answer 34

**Iodide Oxidation**

Question 35

In ___ \_\_\_, tyrosine binds with either T₁ or T₂ iodine molecules.

Answer 35

Tyrosine Iodination

Question 36

In T₁ and T₂ \_\_\_, one tyrosine binds to a second tyrosine molecule producing T₃ (T1+T₂) or T₄ (T1+T₂).

Answer 36

T₁ and T₂ **Coupling**

Question 37

In ___ and digestion of colloid, TGB enters follicular cells, enzymes break down molecule releasing T₃ and T₄.

Answer 37

**Pinocytosis**

Question 38

The ___ \_\_\_ ___ (hormone) is involved in stress, it stimulates the pituitary to synthesis ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone).

Answer 38

corticotropin-releasing hormone

Question 39

The corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the release of \_\_\_

Answer 39

**Corticotropin**

Question 40

The ___ \_\_\_ (pancreas) then produces cortisol (metabolism) and aldosterone (BP).

Answer 40

Adrenal Cortex

Question 41

Cortisol is produced in the zona ___ of the adrenal cortex, released by stress, low blood-glucose.

Answer 41

Fasciculata

Question 42

The ___ \_\_\_ is sympathetic, releases **epinephrine** and **norepinephrine**

Answer 42

**Adrenal Medulla** (middle)

Question 43

The ___ \_\_\_ has three functional zones.

Answer 43

Adrenal Cortex

Question 44

Zona ___ secretes MineralCorticoids (aldosterone)

Answer 44

**Zona Glomerulosa**

Question 45

Zona ___ secretes GlucoCorticoids (cortisol) * Regulates metabolic * promotes protein breakdown and triglycerides * Inhibits the activity of WBCs

Answer 45

**Zona Fasciculata**

Question 46

Zona ___ secretes GonadoCrticoids (andogens/estrogens) * Weak androgens * In males, adrogens to testosterone. * In females, androgens to testosterone, then estrogen.

Answer 46

**Zona Reticularis**

Question 47

A mnemonic for adrenal cortex zona **→** hormones is? (list them)

Answer 47

Go Find Rex, Make Good Sex

Question 48

The most important mechanism for control of aldosterone is ___ \_\_\_ ___ \_\_\_, it's stimulated by; * A decrease in blood volume * Dehydration * Na+ deficiency * Hemmorage

Answer 48

**Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System** | (RAAS)

Question 49

The kidney release \_\_\_.

Answer 49

**Renin**

Question 50

The liver releases \_\_\_, it combines with Renin.

Answer 50

**Angiotensinogen**

Question 51

The ___ cells of kidneys increase renin

Answer 51

**Juxtaglomerular**

Question 52

Renin + Angiotensin = \_\_\_

Answer 52

**Angiotensin 1**

Question 53

Lungs release ___ \_\_\_ \_\_\_, which catalyzes Angiotensin 1.

Answer 53

**Angiotensin Converting Enzyme** **(ACE)**

Question 54

Angiotensin 1 + ACE = \_\_\_\_

Answer 54

**Angiotensin 2**

Question 55

AII causes the adrenal cortex to release \_\_\_\_, essential for sodium conservation.

Answer 55

**Aldosterone**

Question 56

The aldosterone also increases ____ of arteries

Answer 56

**Vasoconstriction**

Question 57

\_\_\_ blood pressure initiates RAAS.

Answer 57

**Low**

Question 58

\_\_\_ cells secrete glucagon.

Answer 58

**Alpha Cells**

Question 59

\_\_\_ cells release **insulin**

Answer 59

**Beta Cells**

Question 60

\_\_\_ cells release **somatostatin**

Answer 60

**Delta Cells**

Question 61

\_\_\_ cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide

Answer 61

**F Cells**

Question 62

The ___ is a saclike gland, surrounded by secretory cells.

Answer 62

**Acinus**

Question 63

High levels of blood Ca²⁺ stimulates thyroid gland ___ cells to release more **calcitonin**.

Answer 63

**Parafollicular Cells**

Question 64

High levels of blood Ca2+ stimulates thyroid gland parafollicular cells to release more \_\_\_.

Answer 64

**Calcitonin**

Question 65

Calcitonin inhibits ___ cells, decreasing blood Ca²⁺ levels.

Answer 65

**osteocytes**

Question 66

Low levels of Ca²⁺ in the blood stimulates the ___ gland to release more hormone.

Answer 66

**Parathyroid**

Question 67

\_\_\_ levels of blood Ca²⁺ stimulates the **parathyroid** gland to release more **parathyroid** **hormone**.

Answer 67

**Low**

Question 68

The parathyroid hormone promotes the release of Ca²⁺ from the bone extracellular matrix into the blood and slows the loss of Ca²⁺ in urine, ___ blood Ca²⁺ levels.

Answer 68

**Increasing**

Question 69

PTH also stimulates the kidneys to release \_\_\_.

Answer 69

**Calcitriol**

Question 70

\_\_\_ secrete **GH**

Answer 70

Somatrophs

Question 71

\_\_\_ secrete TSH

Answer 71

**Thyrotrophs**

Question 72

\_\_\_ secrete FSH and LH

Answer 72

**Gonadotrophs**

Question 73

\_\_\_\_ secrete PRL

Answer 73

Lactotrophs

Question 74

\_\_\_ secrete ACTH

Answer 74

**Corticotrophs**

Question 75

This is the ___ of the pituitary.

Answer 75

**Adenohypophysis**

Question 76

Answer 76

TRH

Question 77

Answer 77

TSH

Question 78

Answer 78

CRH

Question 79

Answer 79

ACTH

Question 80

Answer 80

Cortisol

Question 81

Answer 81

GHRH

Question 82

Answer 82

GH

Question 83

Answer 83

IGFs

Question 84

Answer 84

TRH

Question 85

Answer 85

TSH

Question 86

Answer 86

T3 / T4

Question 87

Answer 87

Sympathetic Nerves

Question 88

Answer 88

Epinephrine / Norepinephrine

Question 89

Answer 89

Oxytocin

Question 90

Answer 90

ADH

Question 91

Answer 91

**hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract**