M.14 Flashcards
The ___ is the “nervous control system”, TRH (→TSH), CRH (stress), GHRH (→GH), dopamine (motivational), somatostatin (inhibits glucagon and insulin), and vasopressin (Antidiuretic).
Hypothalamus
- The ___ ___ is the master gland, GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, MSH, LH, Prolactin, Oxytocin, Vasopressin.
Pituitary gland
The ___ ___ produce adrenaline (fight or flight), aldosterone (sodium), and cortisol (stress/glucose).
Adrenal Gland
The ___ ___ secretes T3 and T4 and Calcitonin.
Thyroid Gland
The ___ ___ secrete PTH (raises blood calcium).
Parathyroid Gland
The ___ produces IGF (stimulate growth) and THPO (platelets production)
Liver
The ___ ___ secrete androgens (development and maintenance male), GlucoCorticoids (inflammation), Adrenaline (fight-or-flight) and Noradrenaline (Stress).
Adrenal Glands
The ___ produces calcitriol, renin, and erythropoietin.
Kidney
The ___ produce androgens, estradiol, and inhibin.
Testes
The ___ gland is part of both the lymphatic system and the endocrine system.
Thymus
The ___ ___ is an endocrine gland, produces melatonin, modulates sleep patterns.
Pineal Gland
The ___ has as an endocrine gland function to regulate blood sugar levels, secreting the hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide.
It secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, contains bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acid.
Pancreas
The ___ and placenta produce estrogen and progesterone.
Ovary
The ___ secretes prolactin and relaxin.
Uterus
The ___ produces gastrin, ghrelin, histamine, somatostatin, and neuropeptide y.
Stomach
A good mnemonic for pituitary hormones is?
Draw it.
F.L.A.G. T.P.
M.issed
A.ny O.ther
Lipid-Soluble Hormone
Actived receptor-hormone alters _____ _____.
Gene Expression
Newly formed ___ directs the synthesis of a specific protein on ribosomes.
mRNA
New proteins alter cells ___
Activity
Binding of ___ ___ activates G-Protein.
First Messenger
Activated adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to ___.
cAMP
cAMP serves as a ___ ___ to activate kinases.
Second Messenger
Activated kinases ___ cellular proteins.
Phosphorylate
Millions of phosphorylated proteins cause a reaction, producing a ____ response.
Physiological
_____ inactivates cAMP
Phosphodiesterase
Isthmus
___ cells produce Calcitonin
Parafollicular Cell
The ___ cells produce T3/T4.
Follicular Cell
Responsible for production and secretion of the T4 and T3
Thyroid Follicle
- Glycoprotein produced by follicular cells
- Amino acid tyrosine.
- Tyrosine is the site where iodine binds.
Thyroglobulin (Colloid)
- In ___ ___, iodide is transported from the blood into follicular cells.
Iodide Trapping
In ___ ___, thyroglobulin is produced by follicular cells, this glycoprotein tyrosine site allows iodine binding.
Thyroglobulin Synthesis
In ___ ___, iodide losses e– (elections) in order to bind with tyrosine in thyroglobulin.
Iodide Oxidation
In ___ ___, tyrosine binds with either T1 or T2 iodine molecules.
Tyrosine Iodination
In T1 and T2 ___, one tyrosine binds to a second tyrosine molecule producing T3 (T1+T2) or T4 (T1+T2).
T1 and T2 Coupling
In ___ and digestion of colloid, TGB enters follicular cells, enzymes break down molecule releasing T3 and T4.
Pinocytosis
The ___ ___ ___ (hormone) is involved in stress, it stimulates the pituitary to synthesis ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone).
corticotropin-releasing hormone
The corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the release of ___
Corticotropin
The ___ ___ (pancreas) then produces cortisol (metabolism) and aldosterone (BP).
Adrenal Cortex
Cortisol is produced in the zona ___ of the adrenal cortex, released by stress, low blood-glucose.
Fasciculata
The ___ ___ is sympathetic, releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenal Medulla (middle)
The ___ ___ has three functional zones.
Adrenal Cortex
Zona ___ secretes MineralCorticoids (aldosterone)
Zona Glomerulosa
Zona ___ secretes GlucoCorticoids (cortisol)
- Regulates metabolic
- promotes protein breakdown and triglycerides
- Inhibits the activity of WBCs
Zona Fasciculata
Zona ___ secretes GonadoCrticoids (andogens/estrogens)
- Weak androgens
- In males, adrogens to testosterone.
- In females, androgens to testosterone, then estrogen.
Zona Reticularis
A mnemonic for adrenal cortex zona → hormones is?
(list them)
Go Find Rex, Make Good Sex
The most important mechanism for control of aldosterone is ___ ___ ___ ___, it’s stimulated by;
- A decrease in blood volume
- Dehydration
- Na+ deficiency
- Hemmorage
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
(RAAS)
The kidney release ___.
Renin
The liver releases ___, it combines with Renin.
Angiotensinogen
The ___ cells of kidneys increase renin
Juxtaglomerular
Renin + Angiotensin = ___
Angiotensin 1
Lungs release ___ ___ ___, which catalyzes Angiotensin 1.
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
(ACE)
Angiotensin 1 + ACE = ____
Angiotensin 2
AII causes the adrenal cortex to release ____, essential for sodium conservation.
Aldosterone
The aldosterone also increases ____ of arteries
Vasoconstriction
___ blood pressure initiates RAAS.
Low
___ cells secrete glucagon.
Alpha Cells
___ cells release insulin
Beta Cells
___ cells release somatostatin
Delta Cells
___ cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide
F Cells
The ___ is a saclike gland, surrounded by secretory cells.
Acinus
High levels of blood Ca2+ stimulates thyroid gland ___ cells to release more calcitonin.
Parafollicular Cells
High levels of blood Ca2+ stimulates thyroid gland parafollicular cells to release more ___.
Calcitonin
Calcitonin inhibits ___ cells, decreasing blood Ca2+ levels.
osteocytes
Low levels of Ca2+ in the blood stimulates the ___ gland to release more hormone.
Parathyroid
___ levels of blood Ca2+ stimulates the parathyroid gland to release more parathyroid hormone.
Low
The parathyroid hormone promotes the release of Ca2+ from the bone extracellular matrix into the blood and slows the loss of Ca2+ in urine, ___ blood Ca2+ levels.
Increasing
PTH also stimulates the kidneys to release ___.
Calcitriol
___ secrete GH
Somatrophs
___ secrete TSH
Thyrotrophs
___ secrete FSH and LH
Gonadotrophs
____ secrete PRL
Lactotrophs
___ secrete ACTH
Corticotrophs
This is the ___ of the pituitary.
Adenohypophysis
TRH
TSH
CRH
ACTH
Cortisol
GHRH
GH
IGFs
TRH
TSH
T3 / T4
Sympathetic Nerves
Epinephrine / Norepinephrine
Oxytocin
ADH
hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
