M.13 Flashcards
BA-4
primary motor cortex
BA-6
supplementary motor area
BA-8
Frontal Eye Fields
BA-44-45
Broca’s Area
third order neuron
second order neurons
first order neruons
First order neurons
- motor pathway that controls movements of fingers, hands, arms, trunk, legs, feet
Corticospinal tract
(cortex to spine, motor)
- Ascending tract, carries sensory information for propreoception
Spinocerebellar
(from spine to cerebellum)
spinothalmic tract
The corticospinal cord connects into the anterior horn and into green neurons.
Alpha Motor Neuron
- The corticospinal cord connects into the anterior horn and into the motor neurons
effector neurons
- large collection of axons
- connects the telencephalon with diencephalon
internal capsule
- in medulla
- made of motor processes or pyramidal tracts
pyramids
- crossing of the motor fibers
pyramidal decussation
- the nerve after the pyramidal decussation
C1
- respond to pain and temperature
free nerve endings
- fine touch and pressure receptors
Tactile Merkel’s Disk
SA1
- touch receptor that detects stretch
Ruffini Corpuscle
SA2
- senses fine touch, pressure, and slow vibration
Meissner’s Corpuscle of Touch
discovered by anatomist Georg Meissner (1829–1905) and Rudolf Wagner[1]) are a type of mechanoreceptor.
- senses movement on skin surface that disturbes hair
hair root plexus
- sense deep pressure and high-frequency vibration
Laminated Pacinian Corpuscle
dermatomes sense the thumb
C6
dermatomes sense index finger
C7
dermatomes sense nipple line.
T4
dermatomes sense umbilicus
T10
dermatomes sense lower extremities like leg.
L1-5
- made of skin covering sebaceous and sweat glands.
Lacrimal caruncle
- exocrine glands
- secretes tears
- antimicrobial enzymes
Lacrimal gland
- drains lacrimal fluid into lacrimal sac
Lacrimal canaliculus
- serves as reservoir for tear overflow
- pumping driven by blinking.
- provides passage towards nasal cavity
Lacrimal sac
- carries tears from lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity.
Nasolacrimal duct
- attached to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity;
- increase epithelial surface area
- create turbulence in the inspired air
Inferior nasal concha
- small channels commence at puncta lacrimalia
- that drains excess tears into the nose
lacrimal ducts
- collect tears produced by the lacrimal glands
lacrimal punctum
- tissue that lines inside of eyelids
- covers sclera (white).
Conjunctiva
- refracts light,
- 2/3rds of the eye’s total optical power
Cornea
- controls size of the pupil
- amount of light reaching the retina.
iris
- changes shape
- refracts light to be focused on the retina.
lens
- Connects ciliary body with the lens
- Allows for adjustment and focusing of the lens
Zonular fibers
- Functions to moist and lubricated.
- Protects.
- Small blood vessels in membrane
Bulbar conjunctiva
- the boundary between the ciliary muscle and the retina
Ora serrata
- the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye
- contains rods and cones, neurons begin processing of visual information
Retina
(neural portion)
- blood vessels nourish outer layers of the retina.
- middle, vascular layer of the eye
Choroid
- fibrous, protective, outer layer of eye
Sclera
- responsible for sharp central vision
- contains small depression in the retina
Fovea centralis
- ganglion cell axons leaving the eye
- small blind spot
Optic disc
- transmits visual information from the retina to the brain
Optic nerve
CN II
- supplies all nerve fibers that form the optic nerve
Central retinal artery
- clear gel
- fills space between lens and the retina
Vitreous body
- controls shape of the lens/ciliary epithelium
- produces aqueous humor
Ciliary body
- lymphatic-like vessel in the eye,
- collects aqueous humor from anterior chamber, sends it to blood vessels
Scleral venous sinus
- aqueous humor-filled space between the cornea and iris
Anterior chamber
- filled with aqueous humor, produced by ciliary body.
Posterior chamber
- rich in cones
- mediates clear detailed vision
macula lutae
- the eye’s aperture, the iris is the aperture stop
pupil
- oculomotor nerve (III),
- Turns the eyes inward towards the nose
Medial rectus muscle
- abducens nerve (VI)
- Turns the eyes outward away from the nose
Lateral rectus muscle
- trochlear nerve (IV)
- moves eyeball inferiorly and laterally
Superior oblique muscle
- oculomotor nerve (III)
- moves eye up
Superior rectus muscle
- oculomotor nerve (III),
- Moves the eye medially
Medial rectus muscle
- oculomotor nerve (III).
- moves eye down
Inferior rectus muscle
- oculomotor nerve (III).
- moves eye upward and laterally
Inferior oblique muscle
- abducens nerve (VI)
- moves eye laterally
Lateral rectus muscle
- photoreceptor cells in the retina
- detects light intensity
- contributes to black and white vision
Rod cell
- photoreceptor cells in the retina
- sharp vision
- detection of color
Cone cell
- receives visual information from photoreceptors via bipolar cells and retina amacrine cells.
Ganglion cell
- absorbs stray light so visual image is not degraded
- nourishes retinal visual cells
Pigment epithelium
- point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain
Optic chiasm
- continuation of the optic nerve
- relays information from the optic chiasm to brain.
Optic tract
- carries visual information through upper and lower division to the visual cortex
Optic radiation
- epithelial tissue inside the nasal cavity
- responsible for detecting odors
Olfactory epithelium
- narrow with deep grooves supporting the olfactory bulb
- perforated by foramina, allows olfactory nerves to pass
Cribriform plate
Olfactory tract
- the brain center for smell
- located below the frontal lobes
Olfactory bulb
Superior nasal concha
- house the structures of the ears
Temporal bone
- visible part of the ear
- resides outside the head
Auricle
- one of three middle ear ossicles
Malleus
(think MIS)
- one of three middle ear ossicles
Incus
- one of three middle ear ossicles
Stapes
membranous semicrucular duct
- detects rotation in the sagittal plane.
- This occurs when nodding your head.
Anterior semicircular canal
- Movement of fluid corresponds to rotation in the transverse plane.
- This occurs when turning head left and right, crossing road.
Lateral semicircular canal
- vestibular system that detects rotation in the coronal plane.
- This occurs when you move your head to touch your shoulders.
Posterior semicircular canal
- nerve that conducts impulses related to maintaining balance to the brain (otolith)
Vestibular nerve
- branch of the auditory nerve
- transmits auditory information from the cochlea to the brain
Cochlear nerve
- transmits sound and equilibrium from the inner ear to the brain.
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
- a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube
- inner ear
- sound waves trigger nerve impulses
Cochlea
- air passage between the middle ear and throat
- equalizes air pressure on either side of the eardrum;
- also called the Eustachian tube
Auditory tube
- separates the external ear from the middle ear
- transmits sound from air to the ossicles, oval window
tympanic membrane
- A membrane-covered opening
- inner wall of the middle ear
- relieves pressure from the vibrating waves in the cochlear fluid
Round window
- transmits sound waves from the pinna to the tympanic membrane of the middle ear
external auditory canal
- rigid, bony outer wall
- inner ear in the temporal bone.
- winding tunnels located in the inner ear
bony labyrinth
- filled with endolymph
- consists of the cochlea, utricle and saccule, and semicircular canals
membranous labyrinth
- dilated sacs
- Houses the receptors that monitor angular movements of the head.
semicircular canal ampullae
- otolith organs (balance)
- detects linear accelerations
Utricle
- otolith organs (balance)
- detects linear accelerations
Saccule
- responsible for both hearing and balance
Vestibule nerve
- directly contacted by the stapes
- membrane at the enterance to the cochlea
- ossicles transmit vibrations
oval window
- A membrane-covered opening in the inner wall of the middle ear that compensates for changes in cochlear pressure.
Round window
- a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear
- sound waves trigger nerve impulses
Cochlea
- endolymph filled cavity
- vibrates when sound waves strike it
Cochlear duct
- contains a small elevation called the crista.
semicircular duct ampulla
- houses hair cells
supporting cells
- provides an open pathway for the perilymph to carry vibrations through the cochlea
Helicotrema
- Macula
- undulates when vibrations from the ossicles reach the cochlear fluid
basilar membrane
- Macula
- static equilibrium
- small crystals in the fluid-filled vestibular sacs of the inner ear that,
- when shifted by gravity, stimulate nerve cells that inform the brain of the position of the head
Otoliths
- Macula
- neurons in the organ of Corti;
- responsible for auditory transduction
inner haircells
- Macula
- a gelatinous structure
- floating above inner hair cells and touching outer hair cells
tectorial membrane
- Macula
- Receptor Cells that show convergent connectivity, for loudness discrimination
outer haircell
- Macula
- long tufts on top of hair cells that sway back and forth, opening of ion channels
- connected to the tectorial membrane
- involved in amplifying the incoming sound
stereocilia
- Macula
Hair Bundle
- Macula
hair cell
- Macula
vestibular branches (of nerves)
- Crista
otolithic membrane
- Crista
- dynamic equilibrium
- A gelatin-like structure
- contains a tuft of hairlike sensory receptor cells in the semicircular canals.
Cupula
- Crista
- dynamic equilibrium
- mound of hair cells and gelatinous material in the ampulla of a semicircular canal
Hair Bundle
Epiglottis
Palatine tonsil
Lingual tonsil
Vallate Papilla
J is ?
fungiform papilla
K is?
filiform papilla
Foliate papillae
