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M11.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main three axis?

A
  • lateral axis
  • longitudinal axis
  • vertical axis
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2
Q

What is the motion around the lateral axis?

A

Pitch

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3
Q

What is the motion around the longitudinal axis?

A

Roll

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4
Q

What is the motion around the vertical axis?

A

Yaw

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5
Q

What are the primary flight controls?

A
  • ailerons
  • elevators
  • rudder
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6
Q

What may be added on larger aircraft to increase efficiency of ailerons?

A

Roll spoilers

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7
Q

What are the secondary flight controls?

A
  • slats
  • flaps
  • spoilers
  • trim systems
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8
Q

What are primary flight controls used for?

A

To safely control the aircraft

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9
Q

What are secondary flight controls used for?

A

To improve aircraft performance

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10
Q

What side would the roll spoilers deploy in a turn if the aircraft has them?

A

On the wing with upward aileron deflection

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11
Q

Why would you use less aileron at high speed?

A

Because it has a larger affect

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12
Q

What is a stabiliser also known as?

A

All-moving tail

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13
Q

What is a canard?

A

A fuselage mounted, horizontal surface that provides longitudinal stability and control

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14
Q

What are the two types of canard?

A

Lifting-canard and control-canard

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15
Q

What does a lifting-canard do?

A

It shares some of the weight with the wings

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16
Q

What is the job of a control-canard?

A

It is used for pitch control during manoeuvring

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17
Q

Why is a rudder limiter system used?

A

To prevent rudder overload

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18
Q

What is the maximum rudder travel at 150 knots?

A

30°

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19
Q

What is the maximum rudder travel at 150-200 knots?

A

15°

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20
Q

What is the maximum rudder travel at 200 knots?

A

5.7°

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21
Q

What is a ruddervator?

A

A combination of rudder and elevator

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22
Q

How does a ruddervator work?

A

Both flaps move in one direction it is a elevator and when they’re opposite direction its a ruder

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23
Q

What is a elevon (delta wing)?

A

A combination between a elevator and aileron

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24
Q

How does a elevon work?

A

Both flaps move in one direction it is a elevator and when they’re opposite direction its a aileron

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25
What are the two types of lift devices?
Slats and flaps
26
What are the two types of drag devices?
Speed brakes and spoilers
27
When are flaps mainly used?
Low speed landings
28
What’s the percentage increase of lift from a plain flap?
55%
29
What’s the percentage increase of lift from a split edge flap?
65%
30
What’s the percentage increase of lift from a slotted flap?
70%
31
What are slots in the wing used for?
To prevent flow separation
32
What’s the percentage increase of lift from a fowler flap?
95%
33
What’s the percentage increase of lift from a slat?
35%
34
Where are air brakes located?
Where aircraft structure is strong enough to withstand heavy air-loads
35
What is spanwise flow?
When air flows over the wing and towards the wing tip
36
What does spanwise flow do to the boundary layer?
Thickens it towards the wing tip
37
What is used to prevent spanwise flow?
Wing fences and saw tooth wings
38
What are wing fences also known as?
Boundary layer fences
39
What are vortex generators used for?
Improving boundary layer control
40
How does a vortex generator work?
It takes high energy form above and puts it into the boundary layer
41
Where are stall stripes located?
wing root of the leading edge
42
Why are stall strips used?
It forces a wing root stall before a wing tip stall
43
Why is the trim system used?
To compensate imbalance
44
What does a ruddervator need?
A mixer unit
45
What are balance tabs used for?
They change the camber and assists the deflection of the control surface
46
What is the disadvantage of a balance tab?
Reduces efficiency
47
Why are anti balance tabs used?
Increases efficiency but is harder to deflect control surfaces
48
What is a control tab?
A tab controlled by the pilot
49
What is a trim tab?
It is used to compensate for imbalance
50
What is the speed of sound?
The distance traveled by sound in a unit of time
51
What is the speed of sound in dry air?
343.2metres per second
52
How fast does the speed of sound travel in gases, liquids, solids?
Most slowest in gases, fast in liquids, faster in solids
53
What are the three speed regions?
- subsonic - transonic - supersonic
54
What is said about air in the subsonic region?
It is incompressible
55
How fast are speeds in the subsonic region?
Below the speed of sound
56
How fast are speeds in the transonic region?
Some are below and some are above the speed of sound
57
How fast are speeds in the supersonic region?
Above the speed of sound
58
Air pressure can change without changes in what?
Air density
59
What does a shockwave produce?
Large pressure and density changes
60
If the air is compressed what is the resultant?
Shock waves form
61
What is the speed range for subsonic?
Anything below 0.8 mach
62
What is the speed range for transonic?
Between 0.8-1.2 mach
63
What is the speed range for supersonic?
1.2-5 mach
64
What is the calculation for mach number?
Aircraft speed —————— Speed of sound
65
What is critical mach?
The highest mach number you can have without supersonic flow
66
What mach number does a normal shock wave take place at?
1.2 mach
67
What does a normal shock wave create behind it?
A large increase in static pressure
68
Flow separation reduces what?
Lift
69
What forms at the leading edge when the flight speed exceeds the speed of sound?
A bow wave
70
What is wave drag?
Drag caused by shock waves
71
What do shockwaves turn useful energy into?
Heat energy
72
What are the two ways to reduce wave drag?
Vortex generators and the area rule
73
What are wings specifically designed to do?
To be strong enough and hold fuel tanks
74
What angle are most wings swept at?
30°
75
Why are wings swept?
Reduces thickness and increase critical mach number
76
What are the characteristics of a transonic profile?
- flatter upper surface - more curve leading edge - thinner trailing edge
77
What is the diffuser effect?
When velocity in airflow reduces and static pressure increases
78
What is a wing with a transonic profile also known as?
Rear loaded wing
79
What does having a greater wing chord thickness also increase?
Fuel capacity
80
Why does the shockwave appear on the wing root first?
Because its the thickest part
81
What is a stall due to going too fast known as?
Shock stall or high speed stall
82
What effect is caused by a shock stall/ high speed stall?
Tuck under effect
83
What is used to correct the tuck under effect/
The horizontal stabiliser
84
What is the mach trim system?
When the horizontal stabiliser works automatically to prevent tuck under
85
What happens if you operate a elevator at transonic or higher?
It has the opposite effect to normal
86
What are the two types of waves formed in supersonic flow?
Shock waves and expansion waves
87
What are the two types of shock waves?
- normal shock waves | - oblique shock waves
88
What type of wave doesn’t touch the aircraft structure?
A normal shock wave
89
What happens to airflow direction that passes through a normal shock wave?
There is no change
90
What happens to velocity of airflow passing through a normal shock wave?
It reduces to subsonic
91
What happens to airflow velocity after passing through an oblique shockwave?
I reduces but stay supersonic
92
When is an oblique shockwave formed?
When the supersonic air-stream turns into a new flow direction
93
When is an expansion wave formed?
Where supersonic air turns away from the preceding flow direction
94
What happens to. Airflow velocity after passing through an expansion wave?
It increases
95
What are the two typical profiles?
- double wedge profiles | - circular arc profile
96
Where is lift located on a profile passing through supersonic flow?
Approximately 50% along the chord
97
Where is lift located on a profile passing through subsonic flow?
Approximately 25% along the chord
98
What speed must air be for it to enter the compressor stage?
Subsonic
99
How are temperature increase caused?
Friction between the surface and high velocity of the free air-stream
100
At supersonic flight temperature can affect what?
The aircraft structure
101
What temperature does aluminium alloy lose approximately 80% of its strength?
250C

M11 R (21 decks)

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