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M11 R > M11.1 > Flashcards

M11.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main three axis?

A
  • lateral axis
  • longitudinal axis
  • vertical axis
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2
Q

What is the motion around the lateral axis?

A

Pitch

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3
Q

What is the motion around the longitudinal axis?

A

Roll

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4
Q

What is the motion around the vertical axis?

A

Yaw

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5
Q

What are the primary flight controls?

A
  • ailerons
  • elevators
  • rudder
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6
Q

What may be added on larger aircraft to increase efficiency of ailerons?

A

Roll spoilers

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7
Q

What are the secondary flight controls?

A
  • slats
  • flaps
  • spoilers
  • trim systems
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8
Q

What are primary flight controls used for?

A

To safely control the aircraft

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9
Q

What are secondary flight controls used for?

A

To improve aircraft performance

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10
Q

What side would the roll spoilers deploy in a turn if the aircraft has them?

A

On the wing with upward aileron deflection

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11
Q

Why would you use less aileron at high speed?

A

Because it has a larger affect

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12
Q

What is a stabiliser also known as?

A

All-moving tail

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13
Q

What is a canard?

A

A fuselage mounted, horizontal surface that provides longitudinal stability and control

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14
Q

What are the two types of canard?

A

Lifting-canard and control-canard

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15
Q

What does a lifting-canard do?

A

It shares some of the weight with the wings

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16
Q

What is the job of a control-canard?

A

It is used for pitch control during manoeuvring

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17
Q

Why is a rudder limiter system used?

A

To prevent rudder overload

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18
Q

What is the maximum rudder travel at 150 knots?

A

30°

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19
Q

What is the maximum rudder travel at 150-200 knots?

A

15°

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20
Q

What is the maximum rudder travel at 200 knots?

A

5.7°

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21
Q

What is a ruddervator?

A

A combination of rudder and elevator

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22
Q

How does a ruddervator work?

A

Both flaps move in one direction it is a elevator and when they’re opposite direction its a ruder

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23
Q

What is a elevon (delta wing)?

A

A combination between a elevator and aileron

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24
Q

How does a elevon work?

A

Both flaps move in one direction it is a elevator and when they’re opposite direction its a aileron

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25
Q

What are the two types of lift devices?

A

Slats and flaps

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26
Q

What are the two types of drag devices?

A

Speed brakes and spoilers

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27
Q

When are flaps mainly used?

A

Low speed landings

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28
Q

What’s the percentage increase of lift from a plain flap?

A

55%

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29
Q

What’s the percentage increase of lift from a split edge flap?

A

65%

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30
Q

What’s the percentage increase of lift from a slotted flap?

A

70%

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31
Q

What are slots in the wing used for?

A

To prevent flow separation

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32
Q

What’s the percentage increase of lift from a fowler flap?

A

95%

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33
Q

What’s the percentage increase of lift from a slat?

A

35%

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34
Q

Where are air brakes located?

A

Where aircraft structure is strong enough to withstand heavy air-loads

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35
Q

What is spanwise flow?

A

When air flows over the wing and towards the wing tip

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36
Q

What does spanwise flow do to the boundary layer?

A

Thickens it towards the wing tip

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37
Q

What is used to prevent spanwise flow?

A

Wing fences and saw tooth wings

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38
Q

What are wing fences also known as?

A

Boundary layer fences

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39
Q

What are vortex generators used for?

A

Improving boundary layer control

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40
Q

How does a vortex generator work?

A

It takes high energy form above and puts it into the boundary layer

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41
Q

Where are stall stripes located?

A

wing root of the leading edge

42
Q

Why are stall strips used?

A

It forces a wing root stall before a wing tip stall

43
Q

Why is the trim system used?

A

To compensate imbalance

44
Q

What does a ruddervator need?

A

A mixer unit

45
Q

What are balance tabs used for?

A

They change the camber and assists the deflection of the control surface

46
Q

What is the disadvantage of a balance tab?

A

Reduces efficiency

47
Q

Why are anti balance tabs used?

A

Increases efficiency but is harder to deflect control surfaces

48
Q

What is a control tab?

A

A tab controlled by the pilot

49
Q

What is a trim tab?

A

It is used to compensate for imbalance

50
Q

What is the speed of sound?

A

The distance traveled by sound in a unit of time

51
Q

What is the speed of sound in dry air?

A

343.2metres per second

52
Q

How fast does the speed of sound travel in gases, liquids, solids?

A

Most slowest in gases, fast in liquids, faster in solids

53
Q

What are the three speed regions?

A
  • subsonic
  • transonic
  • supersonic
54
Q

What is said about air in the subsonic region?

A

It is incompressible

55
Q

How fast are speeds in the subsonic region?

A

Below the speed of sound

56
Q

How fast are speeds in the transonic region?

A

Some are below and some are above the speed of sound

57
Q

How fast are speeds in the supersonic region?

A

Above the speed of sound

58
Q

Air pressure can change without changes in what?

A

Air density

59
Q

What does a shockwave produce?

A

Large pressure and density changes

60
Q

If the air is compressed what is the resultant?

A

Shock waves form

61
Q

What is the speed range for subsonic?

A

Anything below 0.8 mach

62
Q

What is the speed range for transonic?

A

Between 0.8-1.2 mach

63
Q

What is the speed range for supersonic?

A

1.2-5 mach

64
Q

What is the calculation for mach number?

A

Aircraft speed
——————
Speed of sound

65
Q

What is critical mach?

A

The highest mach number you can have without supersonic flow

66
Q

What mach number does a normal shock wave take place at?

A

1.2 mach

67
Q

What does a normal shock wave create behind it?

A

A large increase in static pressure

68
Q

Flow separation reduces what?

A

Lift

69
Q

What forms at the leading edge when the flight speed exceeds the speed of sound?

A

A bow wave

70
Q

What is wave drag?

A

Drag caused by shock waves

71
Q

What do shockwaves turn useful energy into?

A

Heat energy

72
Q

What are the two ways to reduce wave drag?

A

Vortex generators and the area rule

73
Q

What are wings specifically designed to do?

A

To be strong enough and hold fuel tanks

74
Q

What angle are most wings swept at?

A

30°

75
Q

Why are wings swept?

A

Reduces thickness and increase critical mach number

76
Q

What are the characteristics of a transonic profile?

A
  • flatter upper surface
  • more curve leading edge
  • thinner trailing edge
77
Q

What is the diffuser effect?

A

When velocity in airflow reduces and static pressure increases

78
Q

What is a wing with a transonic profile also known as?

A

Rear loaded wing

79
Q

What does having a greater wing chord thickness also increase?

A

Fuel capacity

80
Q

Why does the shockwave appear on the wing root first?

A

Because its the thickest part

81
Q

What is a stall due to going too fast known as?

A

Shock stall or high speed stall

82
Q

What effect is caused by a shock stall/ high speed stall?

A

Tuck under effect

83
Q

What is used to correct the tuck under effect/

A

The horizontal stabiliser

84
Q

What is the mach trim system?

A

When the horizontal stabiliser works automatically to prevent tuck under

85
Q

What happens if you operate a elevator at transonic or higher?

A

It has the opposite effect to normal

86
Q

What are the two types of waves formed in supersonic flow?

A

Shock waves and expansion waves

87
Q

What are the two types of shock waves?

A
  • normal shock waves

- oblique shock waves

88
Q

What type of wave doesn’t touch the aircraft structure?

A

A normal shock wave

89
Q

What happens to airflow direction that passes through a normal shock wave?

A

There is no change

90
Q

What happens to velocity of airflow passing through a normal shock wave?

A

It reduces to subsonic

91
Q

What happens to airflow velocity after passing through an oblique shockwave?

A

I reduces but stay supersonic

92
Q

When is an oblique shockwave formed?

A

When the supersonic air-stream turns into a new flow direction

93
Q

When is an expansion wave formed?

A

Where supersonic air turns away from the preceding flow direction

94
Q

What happens to. Airflow velocity after passing through an expansion wave?

A

It increases

95
Q

What are the two typical profiles?

A
  • double wedge profiles

- circular arc profile

96
Q

Where is lift located on a profile passing through supersonic flow?

A

Approximately 50% along the chord

97
Q

Where is lift located on a profile passing through subsonic flow?

A

Approximately 25% along the chord

98
Q

What speed must air be for it to enter the compressor stage?

A

Subsonic

99
Q

How are temperature increase caused?

A

Friction between the surface and high velocity of the free air-stream

100
Q

At supersonic flight temperature can affect what?

A

The aircraft structure

101
Q

What temperature does aluminium alloy lose approximately 80% of its strength?

A

250C

M11 R (21 decks)

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