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OPT 112 > M1 Study Guide > Flashcards

M1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

anterior

A

in front of; toward the front surface

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2
Q

posterior

A

in back of; toward the back surface

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3
Q

dorsal

A

toward the back of the human body

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4
Q

ventral

A

toward the belly side of the human body

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5
Q

superior

A

closer to the head

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6
Q

inferior

A

closer to the feet

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7
Q

cranial (cephalic)

A

toward the head end

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8
Q

caudal

A

toward the rear or tail end

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9
Q

rostral

A

toward the nose or mouth

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10
Q

true anatomical position

A

body is erect.
head facing directly forward.
arms hanging down and lateral to trunk/torso with palms of hands facing forward.
legs slightly apart with feet/toes facing directly forward with feet flat on the ground.

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11
Q

what are the 2 body cavities and what do they each contain

A

dorsal: contains CNS (brain and spinal cord).
ventral:
- thoracic (lungs and heart).
- abdominal (GI organs, kidneys, spleen, adrenal glands).
- pelvic (bladder/urethra, terminal portions of GI tract, reproductive organs).

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12
Q

what do serous membranes do

A

line body cavities and organs

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13
Q

parietal layer

A

outer layer of membrane lining interior wall of a body cavity

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14
Q

visceral layer

A

inner layer of membrane lining the external surface of organ(s)

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15
Q

serous cavity

A

thin space between parietal and visceral layers that contains a very small amount of fluid that acts as a surfactant to reduce friction between the 2 layers when they slide against each other

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16
Q

parietal pleura

A

outer layer of the lungs

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17
Q

visceral pleura

A

inner layer of the lungs

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18
Q

cell biology/cytology

A

study of cellular structure

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19
Q

cell physiology

A

study of cellular function

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20
Q

2 types of imaging techniques

A

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): offers 3d views that allows for study of surface features
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM): offers 2d views through thin-cut sections and is optimal for visualizing internal structures of a cell or within an organelle

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21
Q

what is max resolution of light microscope

A

0.2 - 0.5 microns

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22
Q

what can you visualize with a light microscope

A

mitochondrion
nucleus
lysosome
typical human cell

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23
Q

what can you not visualize with a light microscope

A

ribosome
typical protein
plasma membrane
structures that form the cytoplasmic skeleton

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24
Q

define nonmembranous organelles and list them

A

lack membranes and are in direct contact with cytoplasm.
ribosomes
centrosome/centrioles
cilia/flagella
cytoskeleton
nucleolus

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25
Q

define membranous organelles and list them

A

surrounded by 1 or 2 lipid bilayer membranes.
2 lipid bilayer membranes: nucleus (nuclear envelope) and mitochondria.
1 lipid bilayer membrane: lysosomes, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, plasma membrane

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26
Q

structure of the nucleus

A

Largest organelle within a cell with round/ovoid body located near the cell center.
Double membrane nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores that allow molecules to pass between nucleus and cytoplasm.
No membrane-bound organelles in the nucleus.
Contains chromatin

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27
Q

function of the nucleus

A

stores and transmits genetic info in the form of DNA.
genetic info sent to cytoplasm where ribosomes read the codon sequence of mRNA to code for a serious of amino acids

28
Q

structure of nucleolus

A

spherical, densely stained filamentous structure within the nucleus

28
Q

function of nucleolus

A

site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and protein components of ribosomal subunits, which then move to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

29
Q

what are ribosomes and the types

A

Packages of rRNA and protein.
Types:
- Free ribosomes: throughout cytosol; synthesize proteins used inside the cell from mature mRNA.
- Membrane-bound ribosomes: attached to rough ER; synthesize protein needed for export or use within the cell membrane
- Mitochondrial proteins: produced by special ribosomes within mitochondria.

29
Q

location and function of rough ER

A

continuous with nuclear envelope with attached ribosomes that synthesize, process and packages proteins for export from the cell or to cell membrane.

29
Q

Structure of golgi apparatus

A

Cup-shaped, closely apposed, flattened, membranous sacs with associated vesicles typically situated near nucleus/rough ER.
Cis-face: side of protein entry
Cisternae: site of protein modification.
Trans-face: side of protein exit.

30
Q

structure and function of smooth ER

A

Has no attached ribosomes.
Synthesizes phospholipids, steroids, and fats.
Functions in detoxifying harmful substances like alcohol.

30
Q

function of golgi apparatus

A

Concentrates, modifies, and sorts proteins arriving from rough ER prior to their distribution via vesicles that will remain in the cell (lysosome) or to the outside of the cell via exocytosis

31
Q

location and function of lysosomes

A

Formed in golgi complex and filled with digestive enzymes.
Pumps in H+ ions until internal pH reaches 5.0 (acidic).
Functions:
- digest foreign substances (ex. bacteria)
- digest/recycle components of the cell’s organelles (autophagy)
- cell destruction (autolysis)

31
Q

function of peroxisomes

A

contain enzymes (catalases) that oxidize toxic organic material (alcohol, aldehydes, hydrogen peroxide)

32
Q

structure and function of mitochondria

A

Double membrane organelle with central cavity matrix and inner membrane (crista).
Mitochondrial DNA almost exclusively from mother as sperm mitochondria broken off during fertilization and fail to enter the egg cell.
Function: ATP generators and can self-replicate if needed

33
Q

structure and function of cytosol

A

Takes up 55% of cell volume; contains 75-90% water.
Site of many important chemical reactions - production of ATP, synthesis of building blocks for organelles.

34
Q

structure and function of cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein filaments through cytosol that are continuously reorganized that provides cell support and gives cell its characteristic shape.
Filaments types:
- Microfilaments (actin): locomotion and division
- Intermediate filaments (multiple proteins): anchor organelles
- Microtubules (tubulin): flagella, cilia, and centrosomes

35
Q

location and function of centrosome

A

Near nucleus with 2 centrioles oriented perpendicular.
9 clusters of 3 microtubules (9+0 array).
Function: formation of cilia and flagella basal bodies; development of mitotic spindle during cell replication

36
Q

general structure of cilia and flagella

A

Shaft contains pairs (doublets) of microtubules along with central pair (9+2 array).
Basal body derived from centriole, so microtubule arrangement is the same (ex. triplet microtubules in 9+0 array).

37
Q

differences between cilia and flagella

A

cilia are short and multiple projecting from the cell membrane (respiratory cilia) and typically have coordinated movements (some cilia are non-motile) while flagella are long, single, and exhibit wavelike movements

38
Q

main contents of cell membrane

A

Phospholipids.
Cholesterol and Glycolipids.
Proteins

39
Q

composition of phospholipids

A

make up 75% of cell membrane lipids in bilayer configuration.
Polar parts: heads containing phosphate and glycerol.
- hydrophilic and face a watery environment (cytoplasm or external environment).
Nonpolar parts: fatty acid tails.
- hydrophobic and line up next to each other within the membrane.
Amphipathic

40
Q

composition of cholesterol and glycolipids

A

Cholesterol (20% lipid composition) and glycolipids (5%) scattered among double row of phospholipid molecules.
Hydrophobic cholesterol contains stiff steroid rings and hide within the hydrophobic cell membrane (allows for cell rigidity) around the fatty acid tails of phospholipids.

41
Q

types of proteins in the cell membrane

A

Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins
Transmembrane proteins Glycoproteins

42
Q

Integral proteins

A

extend into or completely across cell membrane.
all are amphipathic with hydrophobic portions hiding among the phospholipid fatty acid tails

43
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

lie proximal to the inside of the cell membrane within the cell’s cytoplasm.
ex. G proteins = guanine nucleotide binding protein

44
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

Integral proteins extending completely across cell membrane.
Function
1. Channels
- aquaporins
- ion leak channels
2. Receptors
- ionotropic
- metabotropic
3. Enzymes
- adenylyl cyclase
- phospholipase C
Crucial in the activation of 2nd messengers intracellularly

45
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Sugar portion facing extracellular fluid to form a glycocalyx, which protects the cell from being digested or, in the case of the corneal surface, also allows for tear film adherence

46
Q

what type of structures are membranes

A

fluid structures (oil layer) and are self-sealing when punctured.
can rotate and move freely but need to stay in one-half of lipid bilayer because it is difficult for the hydrophilic portion to pass through hydrophobic core of bi-lipid layer

47
Q

what is the lipid bilayer permeable to

A

nonpolar (uncharged) molecules, including oxygen, CO2, and steroids, as well as to very small amount of small, polar (charged) molecules like water.
flows through gaps that form in hydrophobic core of membrane as phospholipids move about

48
Q

aquaporins

A

specialized membrane transporters that do water transport

49
Q

what do very large molecules use to pass through the membrane

A

vesicular transport
ex. endocytosis and exocytosis

50
Q

what is total body water mostly

A

intracellular fluid (about 2/3 volume)

51
Q

what is extracellular fluid mostly

A

interstitial (about 3/4 of extracellular volume)

52
Q

what needs to happen for homeostasis to be maintained

A

fluid intake - mostly obtained through eating and drinking - must roughly equal fluid output - mostly through urination and sweat

53
Q

where is na+ and cl- conc. highest

A

plasma and extracellular fluid

54
Q

where is k+ conc. highest

A

intracellular fluid

55
Q

where is ca2+ conc highest

A

extracellular fluid and is vital in muscle contraction and the process involved in neurotransmitter release from the transmissive segment of a neruon

56
Q

where are phosphate ions, proteins, and ATP conc. highest

A

intracellular

57
Q

where is glucose conc. highest

A

outside cell as it passes into the cell for metabolism via glucose transporters

58
Q

why are feedback loops important and what are the types

A

Important in maintaining a physiological condition (ex. body temp) within a normal range around a set point.
1. positive feedback: reinforcement of stimulus; requires major event to restore homeostasis
2. negative feedback: opposite action to stimulus to restore homeostasis; most common feedback loop of the two

59
Q

what substances have a greater conc. outside the cell

A

O2, Na+, and Cl-

60
Q

what substances have a greater conc. inside the cell

A

CO2, K+

OPT 112 (3 decks)

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