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Cell Biology (M1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell biology (cytology)

A

Study of cellular structure

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2
Q

What is cell physiology

A

study of cellular function

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3
Q

Cell destiny

A

remain alive and functioning, grow and divide, or die

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4
Q

What does homeostasis need to maintain a balance between

A

cell multiplication and cell death

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5
Q

What is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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6
Q

what is necrosis

A

cell death caused by injury or infection

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7
Q

properties of nonmembranous organelles

A

lack membranes and in direct contact with the cytoplasm

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8
Q

what is the biggest nonmembranous organelle

A

ribosome

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9
Q

properties of membranous organelles

A

surrounded by one/two lipid bilayer membranes

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10
Q

difference between scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

A

SEM: 3D view and can see external structures
TEM: internal structures

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11
Q

What units do we use for cell measurement

A

millimeters, microns, and millimeters

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12
Q

Maximum resolution of a light microscope?

A

0.2 microns; can’t see anything smaller than a lysosome

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13
Q

What is the largest organelle within a cell and its size

A

nucleus; 5 - 7 microns

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14
Q

what is a nucleus surrounded by

A

nuclear envelope that is composed of 2 membranes

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15
Q

what does the nuclear envelope contain

A

nuclear pores (transmembrane proteins) that messenger molecules use to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm

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16
Q

are there membrane-bound organelles in the nucleus

A

no, only chromatin (coiled strands of DNA that condense to form chromosomes at the time of cell division)

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17
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

stores and transmits genetic information in the form of DNA

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18
Q

what are the structural characteristics of a nucleolus and what does it consist of

A

densely stained filamentous structure within the nucleus.
consists of proteins associated with DNA where info about ribosomal proteins is being expressed

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19
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus

A

site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis.
assembles RNA and protein components of ribosomal subunits, which move to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

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20
Q

what are ribosomes

A

packages of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein

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20
Q

what type of substances pass through nuclear pores easily

A

very small substances

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20
Q

what is the function of free ribosomes throughout cytosol

A

synthesize proteins found inside the cell from mature mRNA

20
Q

how many nuclear pores does a typical nucleus have

A

800 - 1000 pores

20
Q

what is the structure of the er

A

network of membranes forming flattened sacs or tubules called cisterns

21
what is the attachment and function of membrane-bound ribosomes
attached to rough ER or nuclear membrane. synthesize proteins needed for plasma membrane or export
21
how many membrane-bound ribosomes form a polyribosome
10 - 20
22
what is the function of ribosomes within the mitochondria
synthesize mitochondrial proteins
22
are charged amino acids hydrophobic or hydrophilic
very hydrophilic
22
what amino acids can cross a membrane very easily
small, uncharged nonpolar. ex. steroid hormones
22
what are the types of protein structure
primary - amino acid sequence secondary (spiral) - alpha helix - beta sheet tertiary - bending back and globular 3D quaternary - multiple proteins connect by disulfide bridges and H+ bonds
22
difference between polar and nonpolar amino acids
polar amino acids easily interact with other polar molecules in a hydrophilic environment and nonpolar amino acids easily interact with other nonpolar molecules in a hydrophobic environment
23
what are the properties and functions of rough er
continuous with nuclear envelope and covered w attached ribosomes. synthesizes, processes & packages proteins for export. free ribosomes synthesize proteins for local use.
24
what are the properties and functions of smooth er
no attached ribosomes. synthesizes phospholipids, steroids, fats, and carbs. detoxifies harmful substances in cytosol, ex. alcohol
25
what is the structure of the golgi apparatus
series of cup-shaped, closely apposed, flattened, membranous sacs. located in central portion near nucleus
26
what are the functions of golgi apparatus
concentrates, modifies, and sorts proteins arriving from rough er prior to distribution via golgi vesicles to other organelles or outside cell
27
process of protein packaging in golgi complex
1. proteins pass from rough er to cis surface of golgi complex in transport vesicles 2. fuse with entry cistern 3. pass from entry cistern to medial cistern for processing 4. transfer vesicles transport to exit cistern 5. finished proteins exit golgi as secretory, membrane, or storage vesicle
28
where are lysosomes found
formed in golgi complex and filled with digestive enzymes
29
what pH do lysosomes pump in H+ ions until
5.0
30
what are the functions of lysosomes
digest foreign substances, ex. bacteria. digest and recycle components of cell's organelles (autophagy) or in cases of cell destruction (autolysis)
31
how are peroxisomes formed and what do they contain
formed by division of preexisting peroxisomes and contain enzymes that oxidize organic material
32
what are the functions of peroxisomes
normal metabolic breakdown of amino acids and fatty acids. oxidize toxic substances like alcohol and formaldehyde contains catalase - decompose H2O2
33
what chemical reaction occurs in the cytosol
production of ATP
34
what are the functions of cytoskeleton
provides cell support and shape. organization of chemical reactions. cell and organelle movement.
35
what are the 3 cytoskeletal filaments
microfilaments intermediate filaments microtubules
36
microfilaments
thinnest filaments (actin) locomotion and division support microvilli
37
intermediate filaments
several different proteins anchor organelles
37
37
microtubules
large cylindrical structures composed of tubulin. flagella, cilia, and centrosomes
37
what is the pericentriolar area
formation site for rapid assembly of mitotic spindle and microtubules organizing center
38
arrangement of centrosomes
2 centrioles 90 degrees to each other. 9 clusters of 3 microtubules (9+0 array). vital role in formation of cilia and flagella "basal bodies"
38
movement of cilia
stiff during power stroke but flexible during recovery. many coordinated together. locations: airways and uterine tube
38
movement of flagella
single flagella wiggles in a wavelike pattern. propels sperm forward
38

OPT 112 (9 decks)

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