Connective Tissue (M2) Flashcards by Maddie Florance

what are the 4 general classes of tissues

muscle
nerve
epithelial
connective

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function of connective tissue

provide and maintain form throughout the body.
matrix that connects tissues and organs together

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what are the 4 types of connective tissue

dense CT (fibrous)
loose (areolar) CT
reticular CT
elastic CT

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structure of dense CT

collagen fibers arranged in bundles with elongated fibroblasts in between fibers and at their edges

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2 orientations of dense CT

dense regular CT: specific (parallel) orientation
- provides resistance to stress occurring in same direction
- ex. cornea
dense irregular CT: lack of a definite orientation
- provides resistance to stress in all directions (hard to deform)
- ex. sclera

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why does dense CT offer more resistance and protection

fewer cells, more collagen fibers than loose CT.
lack of ‘open’ space = less flexibility

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forms of dense CT

dermis
ligaments (bone to bone)
tendon (muscle to bone)

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most common CT in the body

loose (areolar) CT

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composition of loose CT

collagen
reticular and elastin fibers
fibroblasts
macrophages

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functions of loose CT

fill space between muscle cells
support epithelial tissues as lamina propria and sheathing blood vessels

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features of loose CT

delicate in consistency
flexible
well-vascularized
not very stress resistant

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examples of loose CT

choroid
iris
ciliary body

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composition of reticular CT

delicate loose connective tissue.
reticular fibers and fibroblasts

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features of reticular CT

forms sponge-like network that allows blood cells and fluids to travel through

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where is reticular CT found

none in the eye.
hematopoietic and lymphoid organs
ex. bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes

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composition of elastic CT

dense regular connective tissue with high proportion of elastic fibers.
rich in thick, parallel elastic fibers, with collagen fibers and flattened fibroblasts in between

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functions of elastic CT

allows recoil of tissue following stretch.
maintains pulsatile flow of blood

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cells of connective tissue

fibroblasts.
macrophages.
mast cells.
plasma cells.
leukocytes.
adipose cells

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most common CT cell

fibroblasts

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function of fibroblasts

produce components of ECM

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what does tropocollagen protein form

type I collagen fibrils

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what do proelastin and fibrillin proteins form

elastin fibers

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what makes up the ground substance

glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

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what do fibroblasts contain

many mitochondria, abundant rER, and golgi complex

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when do fibroblasts become inative

after producing CT, remain in the tissue as fibrocytes

what are fibrocytes and what can they do

fibrocytes: inactive fibroblasts. may reactivate if there is injury to fill in the injured space - will take a long time to heal and will never be the same because it doesn't get nutrients the same way

what can fibroblasts become

myofibroblasts - contain actin and myosin filaments

what are macrophages derived from

monocytes

function of macrophages

defense - phagocytosis of foreign cells - antigen presentation - breakdown of tissues no longer needed - tumor cell-killing

appearance of macrophages

irregular surface due to pinocytosis and phagocytosis

what breaks down hyaloid artery

macrophages in a fetal nucleus. if not broken down completely the vitreous humor will not be clear

shape of mast cells

oval to round

function of mast cells

inflammatory response. storage and release of chemical mediators of inflammatory response

what do mast cells contain

secretory granules. ... histamine, heparin, and ECF-A

origin of mast cells

progenitor cells from bone marrow

plasma cells

production and release of antibodies. differentiated wbc. abundant rER to support funciton

leukocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes. arrive in connective tissue from blood

adipose cells

just a little. scattered within CT. similar to fibroblast except it accumulates fat in cytoplasm

most common fiber found in connective tissue

collagen

main types of collagen

types 1 - 4. type 1 - 3: form fibers type 4: form meshwork --> reticular fibers

most common type of collagen

type 1

what do fibroblasts produce

tropocollagen proteins --> forms into fibrils extracellularly --> fibril strands make up collagen fibers

where is type 2 collagen found

found in cartilage.

is type 2 collagen more or less organized than type 1 collagen

less

what does type 4 collagen assemble

assembles in a meshwork that builds basal lamina throughout the body (epithelial - not connective tissue)

what does type 7 college form

anchoring fibrils to connect basal lamina to the collagen fibers of the underlying connective tissue

what type of collagen are reticular fibers

specialized type. mostly type 3 - smaller in diameter than type 1 collagen

what do reticular fibers form

flexible network in organs that undergo changes in form/volume --> prevent rupture

where are reticular fibers found

near basal lamina. anchoring fibrils of type 7 collagen attach to reticular fibers

what are elastic fibers composed of

elastin and fibrillin proteins. elastin is the center of the fiber. fibrillin protein forms microfibrils which surround core

what can fibrin without elastin form

oxytalan fibers. non-elastic but form suspensory ligaments of the lens

what space does ground substance fill

fills space between fibers and cells in the connective tissue

what is ground substance high in

water content, colorless and transparent

what are the 3 classes of molecules that make up ground substance

1. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) 2. Proteoglycans 3. Glycoproteins

most common GAG in ground substance

hyaluronic acid - does not bind with a protein to form a proteoglycan

gags in ground substance besides hyaluronic acid

dermatan sulfate chondroitin sulfate keratan sulfate heparan sulfate

what are proteoglycans

sulfate gags bound around protein core. take up more space and become more viscous than on their own

function of glycoproteins

adhesive function to neighboring cells, collagen fibers, and GAGs

main function of adipose tissue

stores energy in the form of fat, makes up 15 - 25% of body weight. thermal insulation of body

unilocular adipocyte

fat is in a single droplet and the remainder of cytoplasm and cell nucleus are pushed to periphery

appearance of unilocular adipocyte

signet ring

what do unilocular adipocytes form

unilocular (common, yellow) adipose tissue --> adipose tissue in the adult

multilocular adipocyte

have multiple lipid droplets in the cytoplasm

what do multilocular adipocytes form

forms multilocular (brown) adipose tissue

what do multilocular adipocytes provide in infants

fat storage and heat