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VetMed Year 3 -Term 1 > m) 9-Dec-13 > Flashcards

m) 9-Dec-13 Flashcards

1
Q

Potential causes of false positives when measuring progesterone levels for PD in cows?

A

Measured 21D post service/AI (ideally 24)

  1. Incorrect timing of AI (AI’ed in dioestrous instead of oestrous, therefore measurement at 21D = second dioestrous)
  2. Prenatal death (was preg at time of test, then died)
  3. A luteal (thick walled) cyst producing prog
  4. Persistant CL (secondary to metritis)
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2
Q

What day can Oestrone Sulphate assay be used as a PD method?

A

in Cows: Milk of lactating dairy cows.

day 105. From fetal-placental unitIs

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3
Q

Can you differentiate the Corpus luteum of dioestrous from CL of pregnancy on rectal palpation?

A

NO

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4
Q

PD by palpating for ‘membrane-slip’ is actually feeling for the…
How many days post conception can this method be used?

A

allantochorion

35th to 40th day of pregnancy

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5
Q

Hypertrophy of the middle uterine artery is known as ____.

How many days post conception?

A

Fremitus. Do not confuse with pulse of other local arteries.
Middle uterine artery runs in the broad ligament
120 DAYS

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6
Q

At what point in gestation does the uterine ‘disappear’ over the pelvic brim?

A

From about three to five months of gestation. Due to weight of fetal fluids etc.

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7
Q

Why is diagnosis of pregnancy easier at 8 weeks or before, rather than later?

A

3-5 months post gestation the uterus is situated well over the pelvic brim therefore out of reach

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8
Q

Ideal time to rectally palpate cows for PD?

A

42 DAYS.

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9
Q

Why can observing oestrous during pregnancy be a poor/dangerous way of PD?

A

5% OF PREGNANT cows stand to be mounted (signs of oestrous), if this results in transcervical AI = breach the seal and can terminate the already developing foetus.
Natural insemination= not a problem as bull ejaculates into vagina instead

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10
Q

Why is it not possible to palpate the foetus BEFORE day 35?

A

Amniotic sac looses its turgidity from day 65.

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11
Q

Two bacteria that cause abortion in sheep

A 
Clamydophila abortus (obligate intracellular pathogen) - outside body known as elementary bodies
Campylobacter fetus
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12
Q

Campylobacter fetus veneralis is present asymptomatically on the _______

A

prepuce of mature bull. Causes catarrhal inflammation of genital tract, endometretis of cow = infertility
Diagnose via sheath washings

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13
Q

Golden period is defined as < __ hours after injury, a contaminated wound may be cleans and closed PRIMARILY without developing an injection

A

Six hours, a contaminated wound may be cleaned and closed primarily without developing an infection.
Misleading as bacteria have different virulences

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14
Q

Why is prophalactic use of antibiotics not required after the formation of granulation tissue?

A

Granulation tissue is resistant to infection.

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15
Q

When is delayed primary closure indicated?

A

Apposition of the skin edges performed 2-5 days after wounding. Indicated for contaminated wounds.

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16
Q

Wound closure in the presence of granulation tissue is known as _____closure

A

secondary closure.

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17
Q

What is second intention healing?

Disadvantages of this?

A

Healing by contraction and epithelialisation.
Generally reserved for dirty wounds
COSMETIC; NO HAIR GROWTH
Expensive if many bandage changes, hospital visits, prolonged healing

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18
Q

Wounds made ______ to tension lines will tend to close and have minimal tension

A

Wounds made PARALLEL to tension lines will tend to close and have minimal tension.
(Wounds perpendicular to tension lines will GAPE and have greater tension)

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19
Q

Deep skin grafts require the incision to be made DEEP to the ______to work as a graft

A

Cutaneous trunci (deep/subdermal plexus is closely associated to cutaneous trunci)

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20
Q

When doing a tension-releasing Z-plasty the central line of the Z has to be )))))) to the tension lines you are trying to overcome

A

Parallel to tension lines you want to overcome

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21
Q

A cow that has developed sudden onset fever, dullness and loss of appetite then aborts her calf. The cultures show it is a gram -ve organism. What is it most likely to be?

A

Salmonella Dublin

Bacteria invade from intestinal tract to blood. Cause a bacteraemia; localise in placenta = placentitis

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22
Q

Which VIRUS’ can cause abortion in cows? How are they spread?

A

BVDV: Respiratory/ Faecal-oral
BHV: Respiratory
SMV/ Bluetongue: Midges

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23
Q

Two puppies have died suddenly following a brief period of crying/ not feeding. What is the probable pathogen responsible?

A

Canine herpes virus-1

  1. Keep puppies warm (virus replicates at lower temperatures)
  2. Vaccinate the mother
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24
Q

Most common cause of abortion in a cat with enlarged lymph nodes?

A

Feline leukemia virus. Diagnosis a) dam: antigen test

b) aborted kittens: Immunofluorescence

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25
Q

PRRS and Swine Influenza are both causes of abortion in pigs. How would the diagnostic tests differ?

A

PRRS: Foetal tissues esp spleen
Swine Influenza: Respiratory samples, nasal swabs
Aborted piglets unlikely to have been infected so virus isolaton normally unsuccessful

26
Q

Gross pathological differences between a) toxoplasma gondii and b) chlaymophila abortus in sheep

A

Both cause abortion in sheeo

a) toxoplasma gondii causes strawberry pip lesions in cotyledonary areas
b) Chalymdophia causes thickened intercotyledonary regions (cause of ENZOOTIC ABORTION)

27
Q

What is the Submission Rate? What is a sensible target for UK herds?

A

Submission Rate: Percentage of cows identified as being in oestrous and inseminated within a set time period.
Sensible target within 80days: 70%

28
Q

Sensible target for calving to 1st service?

A

65 days

29
Q

What is the most common pathogen that causes abortion in cows? Which month of gestation is this generally seen?

A

The protozoal pathogen: Neospora caninum
Normally month 5 go 8.
Vertical or Horizonal transmission (ingestion of dog faeces)

30
Q

Which pathogen is most likely to cause higher return to service rates?

A

BVDV causes early embro loss so may account for the higher return to service rates

31
Q

Occular discharge is often the first noticed sign of which pathogen that can lead to abortion in the cow?

A

Infectious Bovine Rhinotrachitis (IBR) caused by Bovine-Herpes-Virus-1
Conjunctivitis, URT infection, Vaginitis, Pyrexia, Nasal discharge

32
Q

Significance of the hormonal influence on immunity in pregnancy

A

Oestrous: Proinflammatory activity of oestrogen (upreg of T/B lymphocytes in ruminants)
Uterus more susceptible to infection during luteal phase (progesterone

33
Q

By which mechanism are freemartins formed?

A

Anastomosis of foetal circulations.

Only a problem if two fetus of different sex, male hormones are passed into female foetus circulation

34
Q

Defintion of follicular cyst

A

> 2.5cm (cow) >1cm (sow)
Persistance for >10days without functional CL
Anovulation without luteinisation
No LH peak due to low GnRH receptors

35
Q

Which type of ovarian neoplasm has a ‘shaggy’ cauliflower like appearance?
It is especially common in the bitch.

A

Cystadenoma (benign) or Cystadenocarcinoma (maligant)

May spread by implantation on peritoneal surfaces (all ovarian neoplasms)

36
Q

Why does chronic endometritis commonly lead to persistant CL in the mare and cow?

A

Endometritis stops the production of prostaglandinF2alpha.

This prevents leutolysis and therefore no cycling

37
Q

Common pathogens that cause endometritis in the mare

A 
Klebsiella pneumonia (capsule 1,2,5)
Taylorella equigenitalis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
38
Q

Why is pyometra more likely in older bitches?

A

Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia often preceeds pyometra.
More cycles (i.e. older dog) = more endometrial hyperplasia
E.coli: brownish exudate
Strep sp: yelllowish exudate

39
Q

How do predisposing factors for pyometra differ in the cow?

A

In cow, endometritis/metritis predisposes to pyometra or high progesterone levels do you persistant CL (can be caused by endome/metritis as no pgf2a production)
TREATMENT: No systemic signs, get cow cycling again
c.f. MARES KEEP CYCLING

40
Q

Most common isolate from pyometra in the sow

A

Trueperella pyogenes

c.f. Mare: Strep zooepidermicus

41
Q

At post mortom, a cow with lymphocytosis and carcinoma/ lymphosarcoma of the uterus. WHICH DISEASE has to be considered (and reported)

A

EBL
Enzootic Bovine Leukosis
Notifiable

42
Q

How do the CL dependent stages differ in the cow, goat, pig, dogs and horse, sheep and cat?

A

HORSE, SHEEP, CAT= EARLY PREGNANCY ONLY

All pthers: All of pregnancy
NOTE SHEEP AND COW ARE DIFFERENT

43
Q

How does stress lead to abortion?

A

Same way as normally initiates parturition.
Foetal ACTH–> increase placental oestrogens etc
(also maternal illness/ hyperthermia)

44
Q

Bacterial/Fungal abortions in the mare are mostly ____ infections

A

Ascending because the cervix doesn’t fully close

45
Q

Majority of abortions in sheep are due to which pathogen

A

Chlamydophila (thickened intercotledonary areas)

c.f. with Toxoplasma (next commonest): Strawberry pip cotyledons

46
Q

DDx for thickened leathery placenta following an abortion

A

Chlamydophila abortus (thickened oedematous)
or MYCOTIC abortions )Aspergillus fumigatus- ascending infection in mare (leathery placenta covered in exudate)
Associated with poor quality feed.
Brucellosis

47
Q

Cow abortion at 4 months, that is macerated.
The cow also has pyometra/endometritis.
What is the likely pathogen

A

Tritrichomonas foetus

Infected at coitus (prepuce of male)

48
Q

one mars bar is __MJ.

It takes ___MJ to produce 1 litre of milk

A

1 MARS BAR IS 1MJ
1 LITRE OF MILK TAKES 5MJ
Maintenance of 700kg cow: 72MJ/day
Pregancny (full term) added: 35MJ/day

49
Q

Which is higher in metabolisable energy

a) cereal grains
b) maize silage
c) hay
d) straw

A

Cereal= highest
Maize
Hay
Straw (low ME)

50
Q

Cow voluntary feed intake is lowest around ___

A

Cow VFI is lowest around CALVING and EARLY LACTATION

51
Q

What BCS should a cow calf at?

When should BCS be altered?

A

BCS at calving ideally 3.0

Can alter BCS during LATE LACTATION

52
Q

Which strain of Equine-Herpes virus causes abortion?

A

EHV-1 causes abortions and respiratory disease
EHV-3 causes genital pustules but not abortion
EHV-4 respiratory only

53
Q

A mare has aborted in the last third of her pregnancy. The aborted foetus has lung oedema and multifocal necrosis in liver, lung and spleen.
What is the likely pathogen?

A

EHV-1 (not 3 or 4)
Covered in muconium? stress
Lung oedema shows was alive at start

54
Q

The equivalent of BVDV in sheep is known as ____

How do the PI lambs present as neonates?

A

Border Disease.
Hairy shaker lamb disease.
Present shaking as neonates

55
Q

The equivalent of BVDV in sheep is known as ____

How do the PI lambs present as neonates?

A

Border Disease.
Hairy shaker lamb disease.
Present shaking as neonates

56
Q

Symptoms of porcine circovirus,

How would it be diagnosed?

A

Porcine Circovirus 2:
Abortions, congenital tremors, porcine dermatitis, multifactorial disease.
HISTOPATHOLOGY
NOT PCR= IT WILL BE THERE!

57
Q

Antibody detection in free foetal fluids are only useful once the foetus is ______

A

Immunocompetent

no placental transfer of antibodies

58
Q

When can progesterone in plasma and milk be used as a method of PD?

A

21-24 DAYS

non return to oestrous after service is 18-24 days

59
Q

Presence of placentomes as PD can be palpated from day

A

Placentomes can be palpated from day 80

(SAME AS FREMITUS which is approx 85days

60
Q

If palpation is difficult, and you need to know if animal is pregnant, oestrogen sulphate in milk can be used from day

A

105

but day 120 can palpate foetus!

61
Q

Progesterone is a test for ______

A

Non-pregnancy
(at day 24, 99% accurate for PD negative)
but if high progesterone could be re-cycling i.e. not pregnant

VetMed Year 3 -Term 1 (15 decks)

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