c) wc 30-Sept-13 ALIMENTARY WEEK 2

Question 1

Malnutrition

Answer 1

Malnutrition is the condition that results from eating a diet in which certain nutrients are lacking, in excess (too high in intake), or in the wrong proportions.

Question 2

Why is malnutrition a problem is sick animals?

Answer 2

The metabolic response to illness places animals at greater risk to malnutrition. This can compromise wound healing and the immune system

Question 3

What is the classical sign of nausea in cats and dogs?

Answer 3

Cats: Hypersalivating
Dog: Repeated licking of their lips

Question 4

What are the two methods of feeding the malnourished animal?

Answer 4

Enteral feeding tube.

Or Parenteral feeding (IV feeding)

Question 5

Why might total protein be higher in a plasma sample than a serum sample?

Answer 5

Plasma sample is anticoagulated so contains clotting factors i.e. contains fibrinogen

Question 6

Three processes that might increase total protein?

Answer 6

Inflammation, Neoplasia, Dehydration

Question 7

Explain what makes up TOTAL PROTEIN

Answer 7

Globulin and Albumin
Globulin: Inflamm if polyclonal. Myeloma (neoplasia) if monoclonal.
Albumin- increased with dehydration

Question 8

Which breed of dog are microcytic erythrocytes common?

Answer 8

Microcytic = smaller than normal. Common in Akitas

Question 9

In which condition is microcytosis common?

Answer 9

Iron deficiency anemia

Question 10

Why can cells not be hyperchromic?

Answer 10

Haemolysis occurs

Question 11

2 reasons for regenerative anemia

Answer 11

Haemorrage or Haemolysis

Question 12

Normal reticulocyte percentage in Cats/ Dogs. Why is corrected reticulocyte important??

Answer 12

Dog: 45%
Cat: 35%. Important to correct because in anemia it is relatively higher. If more than 1% in dog = regen anemia
If more than >0.4% in cat= regen anemia

Question 13

By what action does metaclopromide work?

Answer 13

Dopamine antagonist therefore anti-emetic and pro-kinetic

Question 14

Example of an emetic

Answer 14

Removes non-corrosive poisons (c.f. activated charcoal that absorbs)
e.g. apomorphine (dopamine AGONIST)

Question 15

Why are gastric ulcers in horses common?

Answer 15

They can’t have an empty stomach. If they are fed once a day = ulcer formation.
Antacids: MgCO3, NaHCO3, Al(OH)3
Protein pump inhibitor: omeprazole
Gastric mucosa protector: Sucralfate

Question 16

Main two things that you have to differentiate between when assessing fluid requirements for a patient?

Answer 16

Hypovolemia or dehydration?

Hypovolemia: CRT, MM colour

Question 17

Is the majority of fluid in extracellular fluid or intracellular fluid?

Answer 17

ECF: 1/3 TBW
ICF: 2/3 TBW
Total body water = 60% of weight

Question 18

Main difference between crystalloids and colloids

Answer 18

Crystalloids: Smaller particles that readily diffuse across membrane
Colloids: Larger particles which influence oncotic pressure. Blood/Plasma is a natural colloid

Question 19

What fluid would be used for severe intracranial hypertension?

Answer 19

Hypertonic fluids.

Must have normal interstitual fluid volumes i.e. trauma patients. Not useful in dehydrated animals

Question 20

What is the daily maintenance requirement for a normal animal?

Answer 20

40-60ml/kg/day

Question 21

Define: Tenesmus and Haematochezia

Answer 21

Tenesmus: Ineffectual straining
Haematochezia: Fresh blood in stool

Question 22

What is the cut off point when deciding if the diarrhoea is acute or chronic?

Answer 22

OVER THREE WEEKS = CHRONIC

Question 23

How can colalbumin be used to assess which part of GI is affected?

Answer 23

Colalbumin is absorbed in the ilium, if blood test and it is LOW then you know ilium is affected

Question 24

How do you distinguish large intestinal from small intestinal diarrhoea?

Answer 24

SMALL: Larger volume, weight loss, gen condition
LARGE: Dyschezia, urgency (increased frequency), tenesmus, mucus
If large intestinal = confined to colon
If small = GI or extra GI

Question 25

DDx for ACUTE small intestinal diarrhoea without systemic signs

Answer 25

Diet, helminth, protozoa, iatrogenic

Question 26

DDx for Chronic small intestinal

Answer 26

GI (Giardia, chronic partial obstruction, lymphacteria, neoplasm, food responsive diet) or extra GI (metabolic or pancreatic)

Question 27

DDx for chronic large intestinal

Answer 27

IBD, Polyps, Neoplasm, partial obstruction