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VetMed Year 3 -Term 1 > 24-Nov-13 Repro > Flashcards

24-Nov-13 Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between natural and synthetic fibre

A

Natural fibre: tissue inflammatory reaction/ variable absorption
Synthetic: Less reaction/ predictable absorption

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2
Q

When is a suture described as non- absorbable

A

Non-absorbable sutures elicits a tissue reaction leading to encapsulation.
Strnegth persists >60Days

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3
Q

Which is easier to handle multifilament or monofilament

A

Multifilament is easier to handle and has better knot security.
Monofilament has less tissue drag but can weaken when crushed

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4
Q

Examples of absorbable multifilament

A

Polysorb, Vicryl, Dexon

Shortest absorption to Longest

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5
Q

When would absorbable sutures be described as long acting instead of short acting

A

Absorbable suture

- Short acting if 21 days

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6
Q

Why would absorbable multifilament be useful for vessel ligation?

A

e.g. polysorb, vicryl, dexon
Absorbable multifilament is good handling/ knotting.
Tissue drag is reduced by coating

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7
Q

Example of absorbable monofilament

A

Short duration: Monocryl, Caprosyn

Long duration: PDS II, Maxon

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8
Q

What would be first choice for visceral closure and why?

A

Synthetic absorbable monofilament e.g. Monocryl.

High tensile strengh, low memory= easy handling

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9
Q

What would be the first choice for a hernia repair?

A

Nylon. Non-absorbable monofilament

Useful for prolonged support, hernia or tendon

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10
Q

Examples of synthetic non-absorbable multifilament

A

Mersilene, polyester

Moderate inflammation

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11
Q

Catgut is an example of a

Why is it unpredictable?

A

Natural absorbable multifilament.(so is collagen)
Is unpredictable as is absorbed via phagocytosis rather than hydrolysis (others)
Absorbed faster in infected, vascular or acidic wounds
Marked tissue reactions

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12
Q

Which types of material should not be used in contaminated wounds?

A

Avoid multifilament material in contaiminated wounds

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13
Q

Which type of material would you not use for hollow organs?

A

Avoid non-absorbable sutures

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14
Q

What should not be done with any suture from a multi-use cassette?

A

Avoid buying suture

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15
Q

When would multifilament suture be used?

A

Vessel ligation

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16
Q

How does the metric gauge relative to USP?

A

Bigger metric gauge = smaller USP

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17
Q

What are the simple guides to using sutures in cats/dogs

A

Dogs: 3 metric
Cats: 2 metric
Delicate tissues: Reduce by 1-2 metric
Tough tissue: increase by 0.5 to 1 metric

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18
Q

Cutting vs Reverse cutting needles and there advantages/ disadvantages

A

With reverse needle; cutting edge is located on outer curvature of needle.

  1. Reverse cutting needles stronger
  2. Danger of tissue cutout reduced
  3. Hole left leaves a wide wall of tissue against which the suture is to be tied
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19
Q

Which suture pattern allows serosa/serosa contact?

A

Appositional inverting

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20
Q

Which suture pattern allows mucosa/muscosa contact?

A

Appositional everting.

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21
Q

Does inverting or everting increase risk of leaking?

A

Everting = increased risk of leakage.

Has increased tensile strength

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22
Q

Which reduces blood supply more, vertical or horizontal matress sutures>

A

Horizontal matress sutures reduces blood supply more and can lead to necrosis.

Vertical matress sutures reduces blood supply LESS (+ resists tension)

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23
Q

First step in defining a reproductive problem?

A

Is it actually a problem or just normal?

Many inexperienced owners don’t realise cats howling is normal

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24
Q

Important questions when taking history for suspected reproductive problem?

A

Age, breed, sex.
Neutered/Entire
Females- Last season (when, normal, mating)
Planned use of animal - breeding?
Pressure on rump (movement of tail to sign) - sign of oestrous

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25
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

Enlarged lymph nodes

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26
Q

Order of normally reproductive cycle

A

Proestrous, Oestrous

Dioestrus, Anoestrus

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27
Q

Greeny black vulval discharge is indicative of

A

Either normal parturition or premature placental seperation

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28
Q

White discharge is indicative of

A

Vaginitis, Early metoestrus, Open Pyometra, Cystitis

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29
Q

Different types of pyometra, which is the most urgent?

A

Open and Closed Pyometra. Closed Pyometra = emergency

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30
Q

Brown to Red to Black vaginal discharge is indicative of

A

Metritis

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31
Q

Two types of vaginitis and their significance

A

Juvenile (prepubertal) vaginitis: Secondary to bacterial contamination. Usually resolves spontaneously by first season
Adult Vaginitis: less common. May respond to oestrogens

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32
Q

When does Pyometra normally present?

A

Uterus fills with pus, can result in serious life threatening illness. Usually presents within 8 weeks of last oestrus.
Described as open or closed (reference to the cervix)
Treatment: Medical or Surgical

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33
Q

What is the endometrial change that is thought to contribute to pyometra?

A

Pyometra is multifactorial (bacterial infection, progesterone, open cervix) and CYSTIC ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA

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34
Q

When examining a vaginal mass, what should be checked?

A

Does it contain a hole i.e. is it a oedema/hyperplasia/prolapse

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35
Q

Most common type of vaginal tumour is a __-

How are these normally removed?

A

Leiomyoma/ Leiomyosarcoma (malignant)
Normally present with dysuria/ dyschezia / bulging perineum.
Normally removed via an epistiotomy or pubic symphysiotomy (referal)

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36
Q

Excessive response of vaginal mucosa to oestrogens during follicular phase of oestrous cycle results in ____
What breeds are predisposed?

A

-Vaginal oedema (NO HOLE)
-Vaginal prolapse (HOLE)
Brachycephalic breeds are predisposed.
Exposed tissues may get traumatised

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37
Q

As vaginal oedema/ hyperplasia tends to reoccur; what can be done to prevent this?

A

Control of oestrus i.e spay.

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38
Q

Dystocia factors

A

Maternal, Maternofoetal, Foetal

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39
Q

What should be a cause of concern during dystocia

A
  • Fetal fluids passed 2-3 hrs previously but no birth
  • Dam been straining vigorously for 30 minutes with no birth
  • Weak/intermittent straining for 2-4 hrs with no birth
  • Greenish vulval discharge apparent with no birth within 2-4 hrs
  • > 2-4 hrs without pup/kitten
  • Sickness of dam
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40
Q

Most common maternal causes of dystocia

A

Disturbed labour i.e. UTERINE INERTIA, uterine tetany/spasm/inadequate abdominal forces

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41
Q

Foetal causes of dystocia

A

Increased foetal size (litter size, gestational length, genetic or breed)
Foetal malpresentation,
Abnormal foetal development (hydrocephalus, congenital abnormalities)

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42
Q

Problems associated with small litter sizes

A

Increased size of puppies therefore dystocia

MOST COMMON FOETAL CAUSE IS MALPRESENTATION

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43
Q

Difference between primary or secondary uterine inertia

A

Primary uterine inertia is most common. Uterus fails to respond to foetal signals.
Secondary: Inertia due to exhaustion of the myometrium (due to obstruction of birth canal)

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44
Q

What are some possible causes of primary uterine inertia

A 
Small litter (therefore big puppies!)
Very large litter
Systemic disease of dam
Obestity
Age
Failure of neuroendocrine imbalance
45
Q

Examples of medical management of dystocia

A

WHEN NO EVIDENCE OF OBSTRUCTION.
Exercising the dam
Feathering the roof of the vaginal floor
Treatment with oxytocin (repeated small doses of 0.2-0.4 units every 30 min)
Tocospasmolytic drugs (not licenced in UK)

46
Q

Ultrasound reveals a black distended uterus. What are the DDx?

A

Pyometra
Hydrometra
Mucometra
Sterile accumulations of fluid. Norammly asymptomatic

47
Q

Three reproductive disorders that will cause systemic illness

A

Closed pyometra
Uterine torsion
Uterine rupture

48
Q

By what age should testicles have descended?

A

By 6 months. If not descended = cryptochidism

Autosomal recessive trait. More common in pedigree dogs

49
Q

Why are cryptochidism testicles advised to be removed?

A

More susceptible to torsion and neoplasia

50
Q

What is the term to describe testicles that just haven’t formed? How common is this?

A

Anorchism/monorchism Extremely rare!

51
Q

Ddx if testicles of different sizes?

A

Could be one increased in size, or one decreased in size or one increased in size = functioning oestrogen producing therefore decrease other testicle.

  1. Neoplasia
  2. Orchitis/epididymitis
  3. Torsion
52
Q

Three most common type of testicular tumour in dogs

A
  1. Seminoma
  2. Interstitial cell tumour –> ‘leydig cell’ produce testosterone
  3. Sertoli cell tumour
    MAY HAVE MORE THAN ONE TUMOUR TYPE PER TESTICLE
53
Q

What are the types of functioning tumour?

A
  • Interstitial (Leydig tumours) may produce testosterone

- Sertoli cell tumours may produce oestrogen –> Feminisation

54
Q

What normally occurs with Orchitis?

A

Epididymitis/ Ochitis normally occur together.

Signs include: Epididymal enlargement/ testicular pain/ scrotal oedema/ abcessate/ systemically ill

55
Q

Where do Orchitis infections normally come from?

What would be the signs on ultrasound?

A

Infections normally originate from urinary tract via direct penetration or haematogenous spread.
On ultrasound = patchy parenchyma

56
Q

Three Ddx for protruding penis in dogs (not common in cats)

A
  • Paraphimosis
  • Priapism
  • Trauma
57
Q

What is Paraphimosis?

A

Non erect penis protrudes from prepuce and cannot be retracted in its normal position
- Narrow orifice
-Penile enlargement (post mating)
- Failure of penis to stay in prepuce
- Weak preputial muscles (cut during laporotomy)
-Weak retractor penis muscle
Treatment: Surgical enlargement of orifice
Preputial lengthening

58
Q

What is priapism, is it an emergency?

A

Priapism is persistant erection >4hrs not associated with sexual excitement

  • Trauma, Perineal abscess, Neurological disease
    1. Non-ischemic (arterial high flow)
    2. Ischemic (veno-occulusive, low flow)

ISCHEMIC = EMERGENCY.

59
Q

How do you differentiate non-ischemic from ischemic priapism?

A

Non-ischemic, arterial- high flow. Entire penis rigid
Ischemic=painful rigid shaft with soft glans. Veno-occulsive, low flow = EMERGENCY
Diagnosis: Blood gas anaylsis of aspirated blood, ultrasound

60
Q

How do you treat ischemic priapism?

A

Buster collar, analgesia, topical treatement,
Flushing of corpus cavernosum.
intracavernosal injection of phenylphrine.
If conservative measures fail or are inappropriate due to ischemia amputation urethrostotomy

61
Q

Difference between perineal urethrostomy and scrotal urethrostomy

A

If penile amputation is required…
Perineal urethrostomy = Cat
Scrotal urethrostomy = Dog

62
Q

Different types of penile tumours

A

Soft tissue: TVT, SCC, Papilloma, lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, MCT
Os Penis: Osteosarcoma, fibroma, chondrosarcoma

63
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

Developmental abnormality.

Failure of fusion of the urogenital folds/ incomplete formation of penile urethra

64
Q

When would a persistant frenulum be a problem?

A

Breeding dogs.

Penis and prepuce should be fully seperated after puberty. Treatment involves sectioning under short GA

65
Q

The inability to protrude the penis beyond the preputial orifice is known as __

A

Phimosis

66
Q

Signs of BPH in dogs

A

Benign prostatic hypertrophy. Is testosterone dependent therefore treatment involves castration (involution within 3-12wks)
Signs include dyschezia and occasional dysuria
Dx made on ultrasonography

67
Q

If castration is not an option for treatment of BPH, what medical options are available?

A

Faecal softeners to help dyschezia

  • Anti-androgens
  • Synthetic progestagen (given monthly)
  • GnRH analogue (not licensed)
68
Q

Prostatitis is common in dog but rare in cats. Usually associated with____

A

Usually associated with UTI but may arise from haematogenous spread. More likely in entire dogs.
Dysuric, painful, V&D, systemically ill. Collapse/ septic shock

69
Q

What do you need to be careful about when examining a dog with a suspected Prostatitis?

A

Dx made on PE- rectal exam likely to be PAINFUL!
Ultrasonography- aspiration (CAREFUL OF PERITONITIS- MOST REMOVE ALL!!)
Check for testicular involvement via vas deferns

70
Q

Difference between Prostatic cyst and Prosstatic abscess

A

IProstatic abscess: likely to be systemically ill

Prostatic cyst: may be incidental findings ; generally not very sick!

71
Q

If removing a Prostatic cyst, what MUST be done?

A

Normally aspiration.

If removed surgically MUST take biopsy of cyst wall.

72
Q

What is the most likely prostatic disease in castrated animals?

A

Prostatic neoplasm e.g.adenocarcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma. Tends to be locally invasive and metastasise.
Signs include hindlimb lameness, dyschezia/dysuria., may get HL oedema/ lameness.
Normally palative treatment; urethra stent, cystotomy tube

73
Q

During an ovariohysterectomy, which ligament has to be broken down to get access to the ovaries.

A

Suspensory ligament. Create window in mesoovarium

NRCW Classification: Clean/Contaminated

74
Q

Ovarian and Testicular vessels are branches off the

A

Aorta.

75
Q

Sequence for checking pedicles after ovariohysterectomy

A

To check RIGHT OVARIAN PEDICLE: Elevate decending duodenum

To check LEFT OVARIAN PEDICLE: Elevate descending colon

76
Q

Primary uterine inurtia normally occurs when gestation length is

A

> 70days

77
Q

Following a caesarean section, which sutures should be used?

A

Absorbable material - monocryl
Simple appositional/ inverting
single/ double layer

78
Q

When performing a castration; how does the incision vary in cats vs dogs?

A

Dog: Prescrotal incision (move testicle up, cut onto it to avoid lacerating penis)
Cat: Paired scrotal incisions
NRCW classification: clean

79
Q

What are the two different castration techniques?

A

Open: Incise the vaginal tunic, not repaired (reduce post operative swelling/ risk of ligature slippage
Closed: Vaginal tunic left intact (reduces risk of hernia)

80
Q

The most common pathology affecting the scrotum is

A

Dermatitis e.g. chorioptic mange in rams has a predelection

81
Q

Pathogen that causes Orchitis in bulls, how is it spread?

A

Hametogenous e.g. Brucella abortus in bulls.

Purulent orchitis resulting in progressive orchitis

82
Q

In which species is epididymitis common?

A

Epididymitis is more common than orchitis.
It is more common in dogs and rams.
Ascending infection from accessory sex glands/ urogenital tracts

83
Q

The most common pathology affecting the scrotum is

A

Dermatitis e.g. chorioptic mange in rams has a predelection

84
Q

Pathogen that causes Orchitis in bulls, how is it spread?

A

Hametogenous e.g. Brucella abortus in bulls.

Purulent orchitis resulting in progressive orchitis

85
Q

In which species is epididymitis common?

A

Epididymitis is more common than orchitis.

It is more common

86
Q

Infectious epididymitis in the ram can be caused by several bacteria including one notifiable bacteria, which is…

A

HAemtogenously spread NOTIFIABLE: Brucella ovis.
Ascending: Actinobacillus seminis, E-coli
Swelling/ spermatic granuloma formation, esp tail of epididymis

87
Q

Three types of testicular neoplasia

A
  1. Interstitial cell tumour (leydig) –> Do not normally cause testicle enlargement. Most cause aggression due to secreted hormones
  2. Sertoli cell tumour –> feminisation due to oestogen
  3. Seminoma (germ cells) –> Normally benign
88
Q

How can you differentiate between an Interstitial cell tumour and a Sertoli cell tumour?

A

INTERSTITIAL cell tumour (leydig) –> single of multiple, tan-orange greasy masses on cut surface . Polyhedral cells on biopsy
SERTOLI cell tumour: lobated discrete mass. Testicular enlargement (c.f. leydig= no increase)
White to brown on cut surface

89
Q

Most common type of testicular neoplasm in horse?

A

Teratoma- all 3 germ layers. Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm.
Biopsy reveals mixture of skin, bone, teeth, glands, muscle, nervous tissue
BENIGN
Normally young animals.

90
Q

Significance of Tritrichomonas foetus? How is it diagnosed?

A

Tritrichomonas foetus is diagnosed via sheath washings and culture. Infertility, early embryonic death/ abortion/ metritis/pyometra in female cow

91
Q

Prognosis of prostate neoplasia

What is the average age?

A

Carcinoma in dogs.
Average age: 10 years
Hindlimb lameness/oedema.
Very poor prognosis

92
Q

What is balanoposthitis?

A

Inflammation of glans penis (balanitis) and inflammation of the prepuce (posthitis)

93
Q

Significance of Tritrichomonas foetus? How is it diagnosed?

A

Tritrichomonas foetus is diagnosed via sheath washings and culture. Infertility, early embryonic death/ abortion/ metritis/pyometra in female cow

94
Q

What occurs on the glans penis of 1-2 year old bulls?

A

Fibropapilloma. Benign. caused by bovine papillomavirus type 1. Regresses with age.

95
Q

What is a castrated male sheep known as?

A

Wether

96
Q

Most important tumour of horse penis and prepuce?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma. Both in geldings and stallions. Associated with a papillomavirus.
Low grade malignancy. Will recur if incompletely removed

97
Q

What occurs on the glans penis of 1-2 year old bulls?

A

Fibropapilloma. Benign. caused by bovine papillomavirus type 1. Regresses with age.

98
Q

Unless mated the queen only has the ___ stage of the cycle

A

Follicular.

Queen is: Seasonally polyoestrous, polytocous, induced ovulator

99
Q

In pregnant bitches the levels of PRL are up to 4x ____ greater than in non -preg animals

A

4 x high in pregnant. But still not diagnostic.

Pseudopregnancy is associated with prolactin

100
Q

Methods of hormonal control in the queen

A
  • hCH (induces ovulation) and delays subsequent calling- period of false pregnancy
  • Androgens- induces masculisation. GIVE 30 DAYS BEFORE OESTROUS
  • Progesterone (like being pregnant)
101
Q

Why do animals that have there ovaries removed NOT still get pyometra in the remaining uterus?

A

Pyometra needs a source of progesterone. Medical management relies on decreasing the progesterone

102
Q

What is the medical management of pyometra?

A
  • Reduce effects of progesterone
  • Relax cervix
  • Promote uterine contractility
  • Treat bacterial infection
  • Allow uterine regerneration
    o. e. Prostaglandins, Dopamine AGONISTS,
103
Q

Example of a progesterone blocker?

A

Anglepristone (Alizin) used to pregnancy termination as well as pyometra treatment
Anglepristone is a dopamine antagonist

104
Q

How does medical management of pyometra affect fertility?

A

If pyometra resolves medically= fertility is NOT affected but there IS A SIGNIFICANT risk of recurrence at next oestrus

105
Q

What are some potential reasons NOT to spay a 4mnt old vaccinated puppy?

A
  • Juvenille vaginitis normally resolves by first season

- Congenital urethral sphincter mechanism incompentence

106
Q

Which cancers are more common in neutered dogs?

A

Prostate, Bladder (transitional cell carcinoma), splenic/ cardiac haemangiosarcoma, skin (mast cell tumours).
Osteosarcoma, Lymphosarcoma

107
Q

Biological negative effects of early neutering

A

Secondary sex characteristics do not develop, delay in growth plate closure (therefore longer long bones), juvenile behaviors

108
Q

Which breed has increased risk of Von Willebrands Disease? When would this be significant?

A

Neutering = first surgery. If animal has increased risk of coagulopathy e.g. VWD then need to prevent haemorrage
Test buccal mucosal bleeding time
DOBERMANNS

109
Q

Which drug could be used in dogs before castration to see if orchidectomy will improve behavioural problems

A

Prolonged GnRH agonist e.g. Desrolenlin. Licenced in dogs/ferret

VetMed Year 3 -Term 1 (15 decks)

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