02-Dec-13 Repro/Wound Management

Question 1

When does horse granulation tissue have to be removed?

Answer 1

If the granulation tissue aka proud flesh rises above the level of the skin then the epidermis cannot form over the top; needs to be removed

Question 2

Why do wounds on the equine distal limb take longer to heal?

Answer 2

Because the distal limb has less muscles (due to tendons) than the proximal limb. It therefore has a poorer blood supply = relative hypoxia
Also if over a joint, difficult to immobilise

Question 3

How can formation of granulation tissue be minimised?

Answer 3

Steroid cream application (+antibiotics), bandages to increase CO2 at surface therefore decrease granulation tissue. Also more acidic therefore decrease bacteria.
Controversial use of bandages

Question 4

Signs of sub-fertility

Answer 4

• No observed oestrus
• Regular/ irregular returns to oestrus after natural service/AI
• Presence of abdominal vulval discharge
• Abortion and stillbirth

Question 5

Reasons for no observed oestrous

Answer 5

• Never reach puberty, congenital abnormalities e.g. ovarian aplasia/ hypopolasia
• Inadequate energy therefore anoestrous
• Ovarian cysts
• Cyclic ovarian activity occuring but no behaviour signs
• not being detected!

Question 6

Heifers that are co-twins to bull calves are ______.

What percentage are?

Answer 6

92% of heifers that are co-born to bull calves are FREEMARTINS (i.e. no ovaries)
BEWARE SINGLE BORN FREEMARTINS where BULL CALF HAS DIED

Question 7

How do you test for freemartinism?

IMPORTANT TO TEST AS <8% are NOT!

Answer 7

Diagnosed as calves by ‘test tube’ or ‘thermometer case’ test. <5cm = freemartin.
Should go in more than 10cm

Question 8

Once a heifer or a cow has reached puberty it will cycle every ___ days

Answer 8

will cycle every 18-24 days unless she is pregnant of within 4-6 weeks post partum

Question 9

What would you expect to feel rectally if a cow was in anoestrous?

Answer 9

Anoestrus due to high milk yields, poor body condition, stress like lameness.
Clinical examination: Rectal palpation shows involuted tract, ovaries feel small, smooth flat. Ultrasound follicles <1.5cm, no CL

Question 10

During anoestrous in the dairy cow, what would milk progesterone levels be

Answer 10

LOW

Anoestrus: High milk yield, poor BCS, stress, inadequate feeding (NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE)!

Question 11

How does inadequate nutrition influence fertility?

Answer 11

IGF-1 affects hypothalamus, pituatary, ovary, foetus

Question 12

Difference between CIDR and PRID devices?

Answer 12

CIDR: Y-shaped device
PRID: Spiral device
Controled internal drug release
Progesterone releasing intravaginal device

Question 13

What are the normal fluid filled structures in the bovine ovaries?

Answer 13

Follicles (maximum size 1.5-2cm) and Vacuolated CL (same size as non-vaculoated CL with ovulation point), occurs in 25% of ovulations

Question 14

Three types of abnormal cysts in bovine?

Answer 14

Lutenised follicles, Follicular and Inactive cysts and luteal cysts.
Luteinised follicles= short lived
Follicular/Inactive/Luteal = Persistant

Question 15

Difference between luteal and follicular/inactive cysts?

Answer 15

Luteal: Thick walled >2.5cm diameter. High P4

Follicular/Inactive: Soft, thin walled, >2.5 cm in diameter. Oestradiol secreting

Question 16

Thin walled follicular cysts can result in ____

Answer 16

either acyclicity or nyphomania (cows mounting all cows/ hypersexuality)

Question 17

Ovarian cysts should be confused with

Answer 17

Vacuolated CL (which is a normal structure) and associated with normal cyclic activity.

Question 18

Ovarian cysts develop from

Answer 18

Graffian follicles, instead of ovulating the granulosa layer degenerates

Question 19

When does normal bovine ovulation occur?

Answer 19

Ovulation of the dominant follicle is due to LH durge induced by the increase secretion of oestradiol by the mature dominant follicle .
CYSTS OCCUR WHEN THE LH SURGE IS ABSENT e.g. around calving. Failure of oestradiol to provide +VE feedback

Question 20

Ovarian causes of cysts

Answer 20

Reduced numbers of LH receptors in grandulosa cells vs normal.
Low IGF-1 and NEB causing >NEFA impair follicular cell prolif and function

Question 21

Wall of follicular cysts

Answer 21

Follicular cysts have THIN WALLS (cf Luteal Cysts = Thick walls)

Question 22

Cows frequently develop cysts in immediate postpartum period. What is the best treatment?

Answer 22

Leave them. Will regress spontangeously and do not need treatment.

Question 23

How do you treat luteal cysts?

Answer 23

Thick - Progesterone

Treat with PGF2A

Question 24

How do you treat follicular cysts?

Answer 24

Thin- Oestrogen.

Treat with GnRH or hCH to cause lutenisations, followed by PGF2a.

Question 25

Duration of oestrous in high yielding cows?

Answer 25

<15 hrs. Higher yielding = lower

Question 26

How long should each stage of parturition in the horse?

Answer 26

Stage 1: 10minutes- 5 hrs
Stage 2: 15-30 minutes (starts at rupture of chorio-allantois)
Stage 3: <2-3hrs

Question 27

What happens if stage 2 is prolonged in the horse?

Answer 27

Foals increased risk of being hypoxic. Umbilical cord is compressed. Hypoxia can predispose the foal is Perinatal ashyxia syndrome (PAS)

Question 28

What are the implications of prolonged stage 3 on the foal?

Answer 28

Prolonged stage 3 (>3hrs) may indicate placentitis therefore foal could have been infected in-utero or be predisposed to Perinatal asphysia syndrome (PAS)

Question 29

How long should it take for a foal to sit in sternal, stand and nurse?

Answer 29

Sternal recumbancy: 5-15 minutes
Stand: 30 minutes - 1.5 hrs
Nurse: <2hrs

Question 30

Why does the foal have to suckle quickly?

Answer 30

‘Gut-closure’ becomes impermeable to IgG therefore failure of passive transfer

Question 31

What is the significance of a cardiac murmer in a neonatal foal?

Answer 31

Probably normal in neonatal foal

Question 32

Synonyms for Perinatal Asphyxia Syndrome (PAS)

Answer 32

Neonatal encephalopathy, dummy foals.

Hypoxia predisposes

Question 33

Why is sepsis different to diagnosis in foals?

Answer 33

Clinical signs are very variable and subtle. Compromised foals should be assumed to be septic until proven otherwise.
signs may include:
1. Hyperaemia of MM, coronary bands, petechiae visible in ears, oral MM or vulva.
2. Signs of uveitis in anterior chamber
Can have lecopaenia/Neutropaenia
Diagnosis often positive bacteriaemia isolated
3. Joint swelling is highly suggestive of sepsis but can take 3-5D to develop

Question 34

What signs can indicate prematurity in foals?

Answer 34

floppy ears, silk coat, domed forehead, weakness, incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones evident on radiography, respiratory distress due to surfactant deficiency

Question 35

Precocious lactation may be suggestive of

Answer 35

Placentitis or twinning. Places foals at risk of failure of passive transfer (FPT).
Placentitis may also predispose the foal to PAS (perinatal asphyxia syndrome) or sepsis due to in-utero infection

Question 36

Normal TPR of a foal?

Answer 36

T: 37.2 to 38.6
P: 70-100bpm (systolic murmur over base due to incompelte closure of ductus arteriosus is normal till day 4)
R: 20-40 breaths per min

Question 37

How does neonatal SIRS affect a) GIT system and b) urinary system?>

Answer 37

a) git: may lead to ileus

b) Urinary: Oliguria (insufficient urine production)

Question 38

SIRS in foals is normally caused by which type of bacterial organisms? This suggests the best antimicrobial would be….

Answer 38

Gram negative

third/fourth generation cephalosporins

Question 39

Rupture of which viscera may lead to signs concurrent with SIRS in foals?

Answer 39

Rupture of the bladder (diagnosed ultrasonography)

Foals are commonly hyponaturemia and may be hyperkalemic (suspect if HR is LOW)