02-Dec-13 Repro/Wound Management Flashcards
When does horse granulation tissue have to be removed?
If the granulation tissue aka proud flesh rises above the level of the skin then the epidermis cannot form over the top; needs to be removed
Why do wounds on the equine distal limb take longer to heal?
Because the distal limb has less muscles (due to tendons) than the proximal limb. It therefore has a poorer blood supply = relative hypoxia
Also if over a joint, difficult to immobilise
How can formation of granulation tissue be minimised?
Steroid cream application (+antibiotics), bandages to increase CO2 at surface therefore decrease granulation tissue. Also more acidic therefore decrease bacteria.
Controversial use of bandages
Signs of sub-fertility
- No observed oestrus
- Regular/ irregular returns to oestrus after natural service/AI
- Presence of abdominal vulval discharge
- Abortion and stillbirth
Reasons for no observed oestrous
- Never reach puberty, congenital abnormalities e.g. ovarian aplasia/ hypopolasia
- Inadequate energy therefore anoestrous
- Ovarian cysts
- Cyclic ovarian activity occuring but no behaviour signs
- not being detected!
Heifers that are co-twins to bull calves are ______.
What percentage are?
92% of heifers that are co-born to bull calves are FREEMARTINS (i.e. no ovaries)
BEWARE SINGLE BORN FREEMARTINS where BULL CALF HAS DIED
How do you test for freemartinism?
IMPORTANT TO TEST AS <8% are NOT!
Diagnosed as calves by ‘test tube’ or ‘thermometer case’ test. <5cm = freemartin.
Should go in more than 10cm
Once a heifer or a cow has reached puberty it will cycle every ___ days
will cycle every 18-24 days unless she is pregnant of within 4-6 weeks post partum
What would you expect to feel rectally if a cow was in anoestrous?
Anoestrus due to high milk yields, poor body condition, stress like lameness.
Clinical examination: Rectal palpation shows involuted tract, ovaries feel small, smooth flat. Ultrasound follicles <1.5cm, no CL
During anoestrous in the dairy cow, what would milk progesterone levels be
LOW
Anoestrus: High milk yield, poor BCS, stress, inadequate feeding (NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE)!
How does inadequate nutrition influence fertility?
IGF-1 affects hypothalamus, pituatary, ovary, foetus
Difference between CIDR and PRID devices?
CIDR: Y-shaped device
PRID: Spiral device
Controled internal drug release
Progesterone releasing intravaginal device
What are the normal fluid filled structures in the bovine ovaries?
Follicles (maximum size 1.5-2cm) and Vacuolated CL (same size as non-vaculoated CL with ovulation point), occurs in 25% of ovulations
Three types of abnormal cysts in bovine?
Lutenised follicles, Follicular and Inactive cysts and luteal cysts.
Luteinised follicles= short lived
Follicular/Inactive/Luteal = Persistant
Difference between luteal and follicular/inactive cysts?
Luteal: Thick walled >2.5cm diameter. High P4
Follicular/Inactive: Soft, thin walled, >2.5 cm in diameter. Oestradiol secreting
Thin walled follicular cysts can result in ____
either acyclicity or nyphomania (cows mounting all cows/ hypersexuality)
Ovarian cysts should be confused with
Vacuolated CL (which is a normal structure) and associated with normal cyclic activity.
Ovarian cysts develop from
Graffian follicles, instead of ovulating the granulosa layer degenerates
When does normal bovine ovulation occur?
Ovulation of the dominant follicle is due to LH durge induced by the increase secretion of oestradiol by the mature dominant follicle .
CYSTS OCCUR WHEN THE LH SURGE IS ABSENT e.g. around calving. Failure of oestradiol to provide +VE feedback
Ovarian causes of cysts
Reduced numbers of LH receptors in grandulosa cells vs normal.
Low IGF-1 and NEB causing >NEFA impair follicular cell prolif and function
Wall of follicular cysts
Follicular cysts have THIN WALLS (cf Luteal Cysts = Thick walls)
Cows frequently develop cysts in immediate postpartum period. What is the best treatment?
Leave them. Will regress spontangeously and do not need treatment.
How do you treat luteal cysts?
Thick - Progesterone
Treat with PGF2A
How do you treat follicular cysts?
Thin- Oestrogen.
Treat with GnRH or hCH to cause lutenisations, followed by PGF2a.
Duration of oestrous in high yielding cows?
<15 hrs. Higher yielding = lower
How long should each stage of parturition in the horse?
Stage 1: 10minutes- 5 hrs
Stage 2: 15-30 minutes (starts at rupture of chorio-allantois)
Stage 3: <2-3hrs
What happens if stage 2 is prolonged in the horse?
Foals increased risk of being hypoxic. Umbilical cord is compressed. Hypoxia can predispose the foal is Perinatal ashyxia syndrome (PAS)
What are the implications of prolonged stage 3 on the foal?
Prolonged stage 3 (>3hrs) may indicate placentitis therefore foal could have been infected in-utero or be predisposed to Perinatal asphysia syndrome (PAS)
How long should it take for a foal to sit in sternal, stand and nurse?
Sternal recumbancy: 5-15 minutes
Stand: 30 minutes - 1.5 hrs
Nurse: <2hrs
Why does the foal have to suckle quickly?
‘Gut-closure’ becomes impermeable to IgG therefore failure of passive transfer
What is the significance of a cardiac murmer in a neonatal foal?
Probably normal in neonatal foal
Synonyms for Perinatal Asphyxia Syndrome (PAS)
Neonatal encephalopathy, dummy foals.
Hypoxia predisposes
Why is sepsis different to diagnosis in foals?
Clinical signs are very variable and subtle. Compromised foals should be assumed to be septic until proven otherwise.
signs may include:
1. Hyperaemia of MM, coronary bands, petechiae visible in ears, oral MM or vulva.
2. Signs of uveitis in anterior chamber
Can have lecopaenia/Neutropaenia
Diagnosis often positive bacteriaemia isolated
3. Joint swelling is highly suggestive of sepsis but can take 3-5D to develop
What signs can indicate prematurity in foals?
floppy ears, silk coat, domed forehead, weakness, incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones evident on radiography, respiratory distress due to surfactant deficiency
Precocious lactation may be suggestive of
Placentitis or twinning. Places foals at risk of failure of passive transfer (FPT).
Placentitis may also predispose the foal to PAS (perinatal asphyxia syndrome) or sepsis due to in-utero infection
Normal TPR of a foal?
T: 37.2 to 38.6
P: 70-100bpm (systolic murmur over base due to incompelte closure of ductus arteriosus is normal till day 4)
R: 20-40 breaths per min
How does neonatal SIRS affect a) GIT system and b) urinary system?>
a) git: may lead to ileus
b) Urinary: Oliguria (insufficient urine production)
SIRS in foals is normally caused by which type of bacterial organisms? This suggests the best antimicrobial would be….
Gram negative
third/fourth generation cephalosporins
Rupture of which viscera may lead to signs concurrent with SIRS in foals?
Rupture of the bladder (diagnosed ultrasonography)
Foals are commonly hyponaturemia and may be hyperkalemic (suspect if HR is LOW)
