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,m Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

theory of evolution by natural selection is based on four main points

A

variation, natural selection (selective pressure), survival of the fittest, isolation

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2
Q

what are the mechanisms in which wallace and darwin believed is by which they evolve

A

natural selection and isolation

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3
Q

speciation is ?

A

the formation of a new species (occurs when a population becomes isolated from the original group of organisms)

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4
Q

what has to exist in order for evolution to occur ?

A

variation (provide advantage)

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5
Q

what causes competition among species/organisms ?

A

environmental change = resources becoming limited

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6
Q

a change in the environment leads to ?

A

limited resources > selective pressure > competition > ‘survival of the fittest’ > genes passed onto next ten. > adaption of living organisms to the environment

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7
Q

adaption is ?

A

when a genetic variation exists and allows an organism to survive environmental change

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8
Q

physical and chemical changes are both ?

A

abiotic

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9
Q

what theory suggests living things arose from a common ancestor ?

A

darwin/wallaces theory of evolution by natural selection

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10
Q

species closely related, share basic similarities, natural selection = different habitats (due to NEW selective pressures) list example

A

divergent evolution, darwins finches

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11
Q

distantly related species, show similarities, similar environments, exposed to similar selective pressures list example

A

convergent evolution, darwin studied marsupials

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12
Q

components of DNA ?

A

sugars, phosphates, bases

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13
Q

example of how a change in physical conditions can impact the evolution of plants and animals

A

the physical change of the trees which the peppered moths rested on

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14
Q

example of how a change in chemical conditions can impact the evolution of plants and animals

A

The presence of DDT (insectide)

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15
Q

example to show how competition for resources has impacted on the evolution of plants and animals

A

introduction of species to australia: rabbits and foxes

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16
Q

what is a nucleotide ?

A

sugar, phosphate and one of four chemical bases (cytosine, thymine, adenine,guanine) = basic unit making up DNA

17
Q

mendels first law- dominance

A

dominant = trait that is expressed, the one that is masked = recessive

18
Q

Mendel first law-segregation

A

during gamete formation (meiosis), each pair of genes for a trait separate and each gamete receives only one gene for the trait

19
Q

a gene ?

A

a segment of DNA or a chromosome

20
Q

if both copies (alleles) of a particular genetic trait are the same

A

homozygous

21
Q

if the alleles of a gene are contrasting or differ for that trait

A

heterozyuous

22
Q

the phenotype of an organism is determined by the ?

A

dominant gene

23
Q

Mendel work on pea plants is ?

A

accurate, reliable, valid, progressive

24
Q

the crossbreeding of two genetically non identical individuals

A

hybridisation

25
Q

successful hybridisation resulting in a ‘stronger, better, greater’ offspring

A

hybrid vigour

26
Q

example of hybrisation

A

mandarins of imperial mandarin and ellendale tango resulting in Merbeingold 2350

27
Q

variation of a gene

A

allele

28
Q

punnet squares are a ?

A

technique

29
Q

the forelimb of tetrapod vertebrates is built on a plan known as a ?

A

pentadactyl limb (five digits-five fingers)

30
Q

study of fossils

A

palaeontology

31
Q

study of geographical distribution of organisms (both living and extinct)

A

biogeography

32
Q

the comparison of the development stages of diff. species

A

comparative embryology

33
Q

the study of similarities and difference in the structure of living organisms

A

comparative anatomy

34
Q

study of chemicals found in cells/DNA hybridisation

A

Biochemistry

35
Q

What is the name given to the following evolutionary mechanism?

‘Mutation and different natural selection pressures acting on a population of a species that is physically separated in some way, resulting in the formation of new species.’

A

Isolation

36
Q

the joining of 2 polypeptides via their bases

A

A gene

37
Q

similar structure in variety of organisms due to a common ancestor, used for diff. purposes

A

homologous

38
Q

a cross between 2 organisms involving one trait

A

monohybrid cross

HSC BIOLOGY (15 decks)

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