Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HSC BIOLOGY > BIOLOGY > Flashcards

BIOLOGY Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

KOCHS FIRST POSTULATE

A

The organism causing the disease must always be present when there are signs & symptoms of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

KOCHS SECOND POSTULATE

A

Organism must be isolated from host & grown as a pure culture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

KOCHS THIRD POSTULATE

A

Organisms from the pure culture are injected into health host – must produce same signs & symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

KOCH’S 4TH POSTULATE

A

Organism is re-isolated & grown as a pure culture – identified as same organism as original culture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

secrete substances = destroy antigens directly, enhance the activity of macrophages and inhibit replication of viruses

A

KILLER T CELLS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

HELPER T CELLS

A

intimate immune response, enhance antibody production of B cells, activate b cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

SUPPRESSOR T CELLS

A

help to turn off the immune response after an infection has been controlled (slow down immune response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

retain the ability to recognise the original invading antigen so that a subsequent invasion can be dealt with quickly

A

MEMORY T CELLS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

WHAT IS THRUSH ?
CAUSE, SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT
PROBLEM = ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

A

Fungus: candida.
Caused by imbalance of micro flora: acid/ alkaline imbalance.
Symptoms: itching, swelling, yeasty discharge, soreness.
Treatment: anti fungal drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

DEFENSE BARRIERS

A

Skin: prevents entry of pathogens
Mucus membranes: trap pathogens & flush them out.
Cilia: Push pathogens out.
Chemical barriers: stomach acid, swallow’s pathogens.
Bodily secretions: contain chemicals that kill pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

GENES

MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH

A

production of certain proteins essential for basic cell processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

MITOSIS

MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH

A

body’s ability to repair itself by producing cells, e.g. healing faster.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND SPECIALISATION

A

different cells that function in different ways – e.g. immune respoce.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

MEIOSIS

A

sexually produces with sperm and egg cell = half chromosome number, new gamete combinations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

MITOSIS

A

a sexually = identical genetic copies of parent cells. Separation and duplication of chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

GAMETES

A
  • Gamete formation = halving of chromosome number (diploid→ haploid)
  • Sexual reproduction = combining gametes (haploid → diploid) results in variability of offspring.
  • Formed during meiosis: processes of variation = random segregation & crossing over.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

DNA REPLICATION

A
  1. DNA double helix is unwound by and enzyme.
  2. The DNA unzips forming 2 single strands.
  3. Nucleotides are added to the single strands resulting in 2 identical strands of DNA.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

PROTEIN/POLYPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS

: TRANSCRIPTION

A
  1. Section of DNA unzips
  2. Transcribed into messenger RNA→ (mRNA)
    * Ribosome = site of protein synthesis.
  3. mRNA goes through nucleus wall into the cytoplasm & moves towards ribosome and through it, which causes protein to be ‘read’.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

PROTEIN/POLYPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS

: TRANSLATION

A
  1. tRNA (transfer) = transport for AA to ribosome
  2. AA becomes polypeptide.
  3. AA→ polypeptide→ protein.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  • Evolution is seen as long periods of little change, followed by short periods of rapid change.
  • Evolution is a sudden process rather than one of slow & gradual change.
  • Evidence = fossil record, mass extinctions followed by appearance of new species.
A

punctuated equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES

A

Artificial insemination, artificial pollination & cloning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

CO2 IN BLOOD

A

attached to haemoglobin &/ transported in plasma in a dissolved form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

attaches to haemoglobin & becomes oxyhaemoglobin.

A

O2 IN BLOOD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

makes up 90% of plasma.

A

WATER IN MAMMALIAN BLOOD

25
Q

carried as dissolved ions in plasma

A

SALTS IN MAMMALIAN BLOOD

26
Q

carried in a protein coated package

A

LIPIDS IN MAMMALIAN BLOOD

27
Q

Nitrogenous wastes IN MAMMALIAN BLOOD

A

dissolved in blood plasma

28
Q

OTHER DIGESTION PRODUCTS IN THE MAMMALIAN BLOOD

A

transported in plasma.

29
Q

ARTERIES: STRUCTURE

A

Thick elastic walls, made up of 3 tissue layers., SMALL LUMEN

30
Q

ARTERIES: FUNCTION

A

Carry blood away from heart, do not pump blood.

31
Q

VEINS: STRUCTURE

A

3 layers, not very thick, contain valves., LARGE LUMEN

32
Q

VEINS FUNTION:

A

Carry blood back to heart, valves prevent backflow of blood.

33
Q

CAPILLARIES STRUCTURE:

A

Thin walls, 1 cell thick

34
Q

CAPILLARIES FUNCTION:

A

Materials diffuse through their walls

35
Q

protects the cornea

A

CONJUNCTIVA

36
Q

efracts light to form help form an image on the retina.

A

CORNEA

37
Q

white of the eye, tough coat of fibres, protects & maintains shape of eyeball.

A

SCLERA

38
Q

Nourishes retina & prevents internal reflection.

A

CHOROID

39
Q

contains light sensitive receptor cells which detects light.

A

RETINA

40
Q

contacts & dilates to adjust amount of light entering eye.

A

IRIS

41
Q

transparent structure which allows light to enter the rear of the eye and refracts light to focus an image on the retina.

A

LENS

42
Q

water fluid, maintains shape of eye.

A

AQUEOUS HUMOUR

43
Q

jelly like fluid, maintains shape of eye.

A

VITREOUS HUMOUR

44
Q

supports lens & alters its shape.

A

CILIARY BODY

45
Q

transmits impulses generated in retina to the brain.

A

OPTIC NERVE

46
Q

450 - 850 nm ? animal

A

snake

47
Q

human eye can see ?

A

400-700 nm

48
Q

honey bee can see ?

A

300- 700 nm

49
Q

20 hz-20000hz hearing for

A

human

50
Q

150000 hz and echolocation ?

A

bats

51
Q

Flexible membrane which transfers vibrations to the cochlea fluid.

A

oval widnow

52
Q

Flexible membrane to allow displacement of fluid when vibrations are transferred to the cochlea.

A

round window

53
Q

Fluid filled spiral tube, detects frequencies of sound.

A

cochlea

54
Q

Hair cells which translate vibrations into electrochemical signals.

A

organ of corti

55
Q

leads from the cochlea to the brain & transfers the impulse.

A

auditory nerve

56
Q
  • connects middle ear with the throat
  • usually closed, opens when we swallow or yawn.
  • air can pass through this opening, thus equalising the pressure between middle ear & atmosphere.
A

EUSTACHIAN TUBE

57
Q

nerve

A

A nerve is bunch of neuronal fibres which are bound together.

58
Q

A neurone is a nerve cell, consisting of a cell body, dendrites and an axon, covered by an insulating myelin sheath.

A

neurone

59
Q
  • Interpretation of light (vision) & sound are controlled by the occipital lobes at the back of the cerebral cortex.
  • Sound is processed in 2 areas of the temporal lobe – Wernick’s & Brocha’s area.
A

CEREBRUM

HSC BIOLOGY (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions