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HSC BIOLOGY > First Assessment (9.2.1) > Flashcards

First Assessment (9.2.1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Independent variable

A

Variable in which you change

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2
Q

define dependent variable

A

the measure of the independent variable, it depends on the independent variable.

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3
Q

define Controlled variable

A

The variable kept constant

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4
Q

What is an enzyme, what are they made up of ?

A
  • biological PROTEIN catalysts - produced by cells are responsible for all chemical reactions in living organisms
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5
Q

what are proteins made up of ?

A

lomg chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

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6
Q

what is an catalyst ?

A

control the rate of a reaction, speed up chemical reactions

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7
Q

what does an enzyme act on ?

A

a substrate (bind to active site)

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8
Q

when a substrate acts on an enzyme what happens ?

A

Bind together creating an enzyme substrate complex

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9
Q

Active sight ?

A

where an enzyme can bind to a substrate

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10
Q

What is Metabolism, list 3 examples

A

The chemical processes within an organism for example: digestion, respiration and photosynthesis

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11
Q

what is the lock and key model ?

A

the substrate is simply drawn into a closely matching cleft on the enzyme molecule

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12
Q

PH ? give an example

A

a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution - pepsin found in the stomach

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13
Q

what happens when an enzyme becomes denatured

A

(affects the rate of reaction) the enzyme is less effective and useless as it affects the shape of the enzyme

(change shape, becomes inactive)

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14
Q

What factors can cause a enzyme to become denatured ?

A

high temperatures (50-60 degrees celcius)

extreme pH (very acidic or alkaline)

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15
Q

what is a conclusion to an investigation ?

A
  • summary statement
  • state relationsjip between independent and dependent variable/s
  • name enzyme
  • tell reader about investigation
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16
Q

Induced fit model ?

A

provide a surface or active site where a reaction can take place(induces a temporary change in the shape of the enzyme known as induced fit)

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17
Q

what is the maximum point of activity (most suitable for enzyme activity) of enzymes in relation for temperature

A

Optimum temperature

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18
Q

what is the maximum point of activity (most suitable for enzyme activity) of enzymes in relation for pH

A

optumum pH

19
Q

saturation point ? define

A

the max. level at which all available enzymes are being used to catalyse a chemical reaction

20
Q

digestive enzymes in the stomach work best under conditions of what pH

A

7

21
Q

what happens when changing pH or temperature from optimum ?

A

temperature too high =work slower/denatured

ph too extreme= no act efficiently/denature

Therefore if the enzymes are not working properly than reactions cannot be maintained at a stable rate than metabolic efficiently cannot be maintained as a constant and stable internal environment as it is needed so that enzymes will always be working at an optimum rate, thus metabolism will be at optimum efficiency.

22
Q

the role of enzymes in metabolism

A

metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions which occur , enzymes are biological catalysts which speed up reactions, without enzymes metabolism would be much slower

23
Q

optimum pH for pepsin, trypsin and urease

A

2, 8, 6.5-7

24
Q

what is the internal environment of a cell

A

intersitial fluid and the cytoplasm

25
Q

the contant internal environment for a human ?

A

37 degrees celcius

26
Q

which speed to chemical reactions work at best ?

A

optimum

27
Q

feedback systems ?

A

monitor activity of cells (requirements and wastes produced)

regulates enzyme activity and is a key factor in metabolic efficiency as enzymes continually react with substrates to produce a product, these products are then metabolised by another enzyme

28
Q

what is homeostasis

A

Homeostasis is the process where the internal environment is kept constant/stable regardless of conditions in the external environment.

29
Q

what does an inbalance of the internal environment do to metabolic efficiency ?

A

Enzymes can only act within a limited temperature and pH range. If the enzymes are not working properly then reactions cannot be maintained at a stable rate then metabolic efficiency cannot be maintained.

Enzymes control all the metabolic processes within the body, and work optimally under certain conditions. If these conditions are not met, they don’t work efficiently or at all.

30
Q

factors effected by enzyme efficiency

A

pH, temperature, substrate concentration

31
Q

what makes an substance acidic ?

A

hydrogen ions

32
Q

how does temerature affect the internal environment (terefre metabolic efficiency)

A

Enzymes have a temp they work best at (optimum). They can be irreversibly damaged or denatured when a temp goes too high. At low temps they are made inactive, but can become active again at normal temp.

33
Q

how does pH affect the internal env. (metabolic efficiency)

A

Also, they have an optimum pH level for activity. A change can change an enzymes shape, therefore making it not fit correctly with its substrate, which leads to a decline in metabolic activity. The further the pH is away from optimum, the less effective they become.

34
Q

how does substrate concentration affect the internal environment (metabolic efficiency)

A

The amount of the substrate present. The rate of reaction tapers off when all of the active sites of the enzyme molecule are full (saturation point).

35
Q

explain why the shape of an enzyme is so important

A

as it determines its function, and how it will bind to a substrate (each enzyme has a particular function)

36
Q

fill in the gaps:

They are ____ to a ____ reaction but can be ____ many times meaning the body has limited numbers of hundreds of specific enzymes that it uses _____

A

specific

certain

reused

repeatedly

37
Q

4 examples of processes controlled by homeostasis

A
  • blood pressure
  • internal body temperature
  • oxygen levels
  • carbon dioxide levels
38
Q

validity ?

A

using a control

39
Q

reliability ?

A

repetition

40
Q

a substance on which enzymes act

A

substrate

41
Q

all the chemical reactions in the body

A

metabolism

42
Q

speeds up chemical reactions without reacting itself

A

enzyme

43
Q

provides the conditions for optimal enzyme activity allowing for a rate of metabolism that can sustain life

A

homeostasis

HSC BIOLOGY (15 decks)

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