Lymphopoiesis Flashcards
The B-cell lineage (first cell) is often referred to as the _____ cell, which is capable of maturing into the ______ which is capable of dividing and maturing into the ________, which are
capable of leaving the HIM to join the circulation. Further maturation of those cells requires that it ________.
.
pre-B
B-cell in transition (BT).
virgin B-cells (VBCs)
encounter an antigen in nature
With the formation of the pre-B-cell, there is usually an accompanying synthesis of the ________ specific for that B-cell, and this _______ is found only in the ______ of the B-cell
immunoglobulin
immunoglobulin
cytoplasm
With the maturation of the pre-B cell to B-cell in transition, part of the cytoplasmic immunoglobulin moves to the _____ to become _______.
membrane
surface membrane
immunoglobulin
Thus, the identity of the pre-B-cell is stainable for _______________ immunoglobulins.
cytoplasmic
immunoglobulin and not usually stainable for surface membrane
pre B-cells can stain for surface membrane immunoglobulins.
T/F
F
pre B-cells do not stain for surface membrane immunoglobulins.
The B-cell in transition (BT) are usually stainable for _________
both cytoplasmic and surface membrane immunoglobulins.
The virgin B-cell are stainable
for _________
Only surface membrane immunoglobulins.
The mechanism by which different B-cells have different surface membrane
immunoglobulins is due to the phenomenon of _______
gene arrangement.
These chromosomes retain the type of immunoglobulin gene that is inherited at
________ in all human cells except in ______ cells (particularly __-cells).
fertilization
immune; B
The heavy chain gene is a single gene.
T/F
F
It is not
The heavy chain has the _____,_______,______,_____ regions (each coded for by (the same or different?) regional proteins).
constant, variable, diversity, and joining
Different
The typical immunoglobulin is a _____ except the immunoglobulin __, which has the dimer in ___ places (_______).
According to toriola
Or !
The typical immunoglobulin is a _____ except the immunoglobulin __, which is a dimer
According to a friend
dimer; M; 5; Pentameter
Monomer ; A
On chromosome 14, there are ___ variable chain genes, ___ joining region genes, ___ diversity region genes, and about ___ genes that code for the synthesis of the constant region.
8
5
7-8
9
When the LCSC is going to become a pre-B cell, the pre-B cell to be formed has to
select one of each type of regional genes. This is known as ___________
And Other genes that are not selected are ______.
rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes.
deleted
Similarly, the pre-B cell selects the gene for the production of one type of light chain (____ or ____) and rearranges it.
Kappa or Lambda
Is it possible to determine the possible selections of genes by combinational arithmetic?
With reason
it is not possible by combinatorial arithmetic to determine the possible
selections.
This is as a result of epigenetic phenomenon.
When the genes have been selected, and an immunoglobulin type is supposed to be produced, modification can still occur due to ___________
the ability of enzymes to add some nucleotides to the already combined immunoglobulin genes.
For further maturation of the virgin
B-cell, there is a necessity that the surface membrane immunoglobulin must _________ .
If and when this occurs, the circulating virgin B-cell will move into _______ for further maturation.
encounter its antigen in nature
an available lymph node
In the lymph node, the ______-cells move into the follicles (predominantly ___-cells surrounded by ___-cells).
Virgin-B
B
T
In the lymph nodes, there is homing of the lymphocytes.
T/F
T
The _____ is the home of the T-cells in the lymph nodes, while the _________ is the home of the B-cells.
paracortex
lymphoid follicles
The antigenically-stimulated B-cell moves into the _________ for further maturation.
It then divides into ________, which divide and mature into the __________ cells which then divide and mature into _____________ which divide and mature into the _____________ cells which then divide and mature into the _______, which further divides and matures into the _______ stage which then finally divides and matures into _____, which is the last
stage of cell maturation.
lymphoid follicle
small cleaved B-cells
large cleaved B-
small, non-cleaved B-cells,
large, non-cleaved B-
immunoblast
plasmacytoid
plasma cell
If the B-cell will be transformed into a malignancy, it could be _____/_____.
solid/circulating
The malignancies from LCSC, pre-B cell, BT, and virgin B-cells become _______
malignancies, which becomes ______.
circulating
leukaemias
If the antigenically-stimulated B-cell will acquire malignancy, they transform into
___________, since they are _______
lymphomas (solid)
already in the lymph nodes.
Circulating neoplasia of the hematiopoietic cells is known as ________.
leukaemia
Malignancy of the virgin B-cells is known as ___________
chronic leukaemia.
Malignancy of the LCSC, pre-B cell, and the BT is known as _______
acute leukaemia.
The normal function of the B-cell is the _____________.
production of the immunoglobulins
The immunoglobulin-producing cell is usually the _____ cell. The type of
immunoglobulin produced by it is the same as the __________, which its ________ had.
plasma
surface membrane immunoglobulin
precursor B-cell
The time it takes the surface membrane immunoglobulin to become available in the plasma equals the time it takes the ___________________ This time is _______ or _____
virgin B-cell to mature into a mature cell.
2 weeks or 14 days.
from the time the virgin B-cells recognises its corresponding antigen, no
corresponding antigen is formed until after _______
two weeks.
The B-cell undergoes antigenic ____, clonal ________ and ———- to become plasma cell.
The amount of antibodies in the plasma after two weeks of antigenic stimulation is usually very small and usually very detectable by many techniques.
stimulation
expansion, and maturation
Most animals/individuals will require at least ________ to produce sufficient amount of immunoglobulin to the vaccinating immunogens.
12 weeks
The period between the exposure of the antigen and the time the antigen is detected in the plasma is the ___________ period (____ period).
serologic latency or window
Error
all the B-immunoblasts generated from the large non-cleaved B-cell transform to
the plasmacytoid cell.
T/F
F
Not all
Some of the B-immunoblasts revert in morphological appearance to look like the virgin B-cells from which they were derived (_______-cells).
memory B
The virgin B-cells, which had previously undergone maturation to B-immunoblast stage become the ______-cells.
These cells are usually produced to _________ when the animal encounters the corresponding antigen again
memory B
shorten humoral response time
T-cells are derived from _____ cells often simply called _____ cells.
pre-thymic
pre-T-
The preT-cell is a cell that is going to the ______ for its further maturation.
thymus
The __-cell that is leaving the HIM is
often identified by its expression of ___ antigen. All T-cells express _____ and ____
preT
CD1
CD2 and CD3
On arrival in the thymus gland, the pre-T cells stay at the ______ area, yet to
enter into the ______. These cells are often referred to as the ________T-cells and they migrate into the ______ of the thymus gland lobule where they become what is known as the _______-cells.
pericortical; cortex
pre-cortical
cortex
cortical T
The pre-cortical T cells do express ____,______,_______ antigens.
CD1, CD2, and CD3
The cortical T-cells lose the
expression of ____ antigen. So, they become _____. As they lose this
expression and retain that of __________, they gain the expression of other CD antigens such as _____.
CD1
CD1-negative
CD2 and CD3
CD4 and CD8
Thus, the cortical T-cells are ______,_____,____,______ ,_____like other T-cells.
In addition to expressing these cluster of differentiation antigens, the cortical cells
also express _______.
CD1-, CD4+, CD8+, and CD2+ andCD3+
T-cell receptors
A T-cell receptor is the equivalent of the ___________ B-cells.
surface membrane immunoglobulin
With the expression of T-cell
receptor, some cortical T-cells are ___________ in the cortex and
others are allowed to _______.
Those that die in part 1 are the T-cells
whose T-cell receptors _______ they can bind with on the cortical cell
_______.
deleted or undergo apoptosis
proliferate or expand
find no MHC antigen
macrophages
This implies that in the cortex, you have some macrophages that express _____, and the T-cell that have receptors complexed with these ___ are
said to be positively selected and allowed to expand.
self-MHC
MHCs
We say that pre-cortical T-cell is
identifiable by expression of ___ antigen alone or, in other words, _____ antigen is precortical T-cell specific.
CD1
CD1
The cortical T-cells that have been positively selected migrate into the ________ for further maturation.
In the medulla, they undergo what is called _________.
thymic medulla
negative selection
T-cell medulla negative selection
That is, those T-cells whose T-cell receptors react too avidly with the MHC
antigen of the medullary macrophages are usually _________ in the medulla.
Furthermore, those cells that are not _____ would either lose the ____ antigen and retain ____ antigen or lose ____ antigen and retain _____ antigen.
deleted
deleted
CD4 cell ; CD8
CD4 ; CD8
The medullary T-cells are of two major types: CD4+/CD8- and CD4-/CD8+.
The CD4+/CD8- cells are referred to as the _______ Those that are CD8+/CD4- are called the _______
helper T-cells.
cytotoxic T-cells.
The T-helper cells and the cytotoxic T-cells constitute ______% of the total T-cells.
94-95
There are three other subtypes of T-cells that could form in small proportion in
circulation:
• T- _________ cells
• T-________ cells
• T-________cells
delay-hypersensitivity
suppressor
natural killer
The medullary T-cells will leave the thymic medulla and enter into the vein
that supplies the thymus gland to join the general circulation (via the ______).
The medullary T-cells in circulation do not undergo any further maturation until they _________.
brachiocephalic vein
come in contact with their corresponding antigens in nature
The T-cell ____, just like the surface __________ of the B-cell, is designed to identify an antigen in nature.
receptor
membrane immunoglobulin
The difference between the surface membrane immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor is that whereas the surface membrane immunoglobulin can identify antigens expressed on microbial agent or any foreign antigen, the T-cell receptor can identify antigens
that are __________.
complexed with MHC antigens
HLA antigens are not capable of complexing
other antigens.
T/F
F
They are
Only antigens complexed with ____ antigens are recognized by T-cells receptors.
HLA
We say that T-cell receptors is _______ restricted.
MHC antigen
The circulating medullary T-cell, when it comes in contact with the corresponding
antigen in nature, which is usually MHC-restricted, it starts the second round of
maturation, which occurs mainly in the _____________ or ________
T-cell region of the lymph nodes or the paracortex of the lymph nodes.
The antigenically stimulated T-cell divides to become __________ cells that divide to form the ______________ cells that undergo ____ to become _________, which is the last stage of maturation—it does not divide further.
small non-cleaved T-
large non-cleaved T-
mitosis
T-immunoblasts
Because it is antigenically stimulated and is not producing any immunoglobulin, it actually produces, in the cause of its
maturation, what we call T-cell _______—in particular, the _________ and the _______. It also produces ______, such that when the T-immunoblast is in contact with its corresponding antigen that is expressed on the membrane of another
cell, it directs its _______ onto the cell that is expressing the T-cell receptor
corresponding antigens.
lytic proteins
perforins and the caspases
calreticulins; lytic proteins
The T-immunoblast ends up liking itself while it’s killing other cells
T/F
With reason
F
The T-immunoblast, when it is killing other cells (cellular immunity) on its own,
escape killing of itself, such that it can go and look for another hepatic cell to kill. It
can escape killing itself because it expresses proteins that are capable of neutralizing its own lytic proteins (perforins etc.) and the major neutralizing protein developed is
called calreticulin.
There is specialization of the T-cells.
The CD8+/CD4- so called cytotoxic T-cells constitute about ____% of all the T-cells,
and the T-helper cells constitute just about ___% of all circulating T-cells.
60-65
30-35
The ____ T-cell, as its name implies, is indeed the major cell that nature has provided as the major defence against viral infections. Without it, all viral illness will flare.
cytotoxic
The T-suppressor cells are the cells designed to _________. And
the abnormality of function of T-suppressor cells or their deficiency will result in __________.
limit immune hyper-reactivity
extensive reactivity
Suppressor T-cell abnormality is thought to be the major pathology in individuals with syndrome of __.
SLE
The T-natural killer cell is the nature’s design to prevent the development of _________ or _______.
They do express two types of antigens: _____________ and __________.
mitotic lesions or malignancies
KAR (killer activating receptor) and KIR (killer inhibiting receptor)
For a cell that is undergoing a mitotic
change or malignant transformation, these malignantly transformed cells do express cancer specific or _______ on their membrane that are usually
identifiable by the _____ of the T-natural cells.
neo antigen
KAR
However, the killer activating receptor may not be able to induce malignant cell kill if the malignant cell also expresses _________, which the KIR usually recognizes and deliver ______ signals that prevent the killer activating signals from being able to kill the malignant cells. Luckily, most malignant cells tend to lose the expression of their _________ antigen such that the KAR is usually able to deliver ________ in cells that are undergoing mitotic change.
MHC antigen
inhibitory
inherited MHC
lytic proteins
T-helper cells: The cells that ________________.
give help signals to all other immune cells
Without these help signals from T-helper cells, B-cells do not function and antibody production is usually impaired
T/F
T
With impairment or loss of the helper T-cells, the T-delayed hypersensitivity cell fucntion, which are usually part of the cells of ________, as well as the _____ function is lost.
granulomas
monocyte
With impairment of T-helper function, the T-natural killer cells also do not function and there is increased predisposition to ______.
cancer
Thus, we say _____ cell is the pivotal cell of immunity—because with its deficiency or malfunctioning, nobody’s defence
will be able to form (cellular or humoral immunity).
T-helper
HIV deals with the pivotal cells of immunity because it is the ______ cells that HIV infect and kills.
Thus, in HIV, the body’s defence to various form of infection is gone, and then there is increased predisposition to opportunistic malignancies.
T-helper
The T-helpers are of three types: ____,______ and ______ (named due to the peculiarity of its function).
TH1, TH2, and TH17
The TH17 secretes ____, which happens to be the protein required for
expression of ________________ of the _________ cells.
IL-17
nearly all the genes of the enterocytes
intestinal mucosal
And in the absence of IL-17, the ability of enterocytes to produce all the
proteins present in the ___________ is impaired.
This is why the cells in the Peyer’s patches are nearly ____% of _____ cells.
intestinal creases of sulcus enterosus
80-90
TH17
We now also know the reason why TH17 moves to the Peyer’s patches of the intestine: the intestinal mucosal cells express _______ on their membrane.
alpha-47 integrins
Alpha-47 integrin is now known to be a ______ to _____ cells.
chemoattractant
TH-17
If an individual develops a disease
where alpha-47 integrin is neutralized, the Peyer’s patches become depleted or the Thelper 17 cells, and there will be loss of integrity and function of intestinal mucosal cells and continuous exudation of __________ into _______. This occurs in HIV infected patients (_____ interacts with ______ and attraction of ______ to ______ is lost, leading to exudation and nonpathogenic diarrhoea).
intestinal mucosal fluid into the intestinal interstitium
GP-20
alpha-47
TH-17 to Peyer’s patches
The T-immunoblast, like the B-immunoblast can reverse in morphologicaal appearance to look like circulating medullary T-cells or virgin T-cells. Such virgin Tcells that have previously undergone maturation to T-immunoblast stage of maturation are known as _______ cells.
T-memory
Monocyte- macrophage mononuclear system
AKA
_______
Reticuloendothelial system
Monocyte- macrophage mononuclear system cells get stronger with age
T/F
F
Weakens with age
Monocyte- macrophage mononuclear system is divided into 2
Mention them
Cells capable of mitosis
Cells incapable of mitosis
The lymphoid committed stem cells is usually indentifiable by a cluster of differentiation antigen named ______
CD10
CD10-_____-_______
CALLA
common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen
The genes present in all cells of the body as inherited at fertilization is referred to as ________
Germ line inheritance
Kappa and lambda cAn both exist in the same immunoglobulin
T/F
F
They can’t
All Bcells from BT to the last stage of Bcell development express vommon Bcell receptors like CD___,____,___,___
And when they get activated, Wouk also express CD___
19,20,21,22
23
The further development of the virgin Bcell occurs in the ______
Lymph node
Marginal zone- Area of ___ that merged with ______
Mantle zone- Area of ______ that is (inner or outer?) to ______
Paracortex; lymphoid node follicle
Follicle; inner ; marginal zone
At the very center of the Lymphoid follicle, we have the _______
Follicular center cells
Virgin Bcell is going to _____ in the lymph node
Follicular center cells
Plasma cells are seen in the lymph node
T/F
F
Only bone marrow
Bcell mediates ______ immunity
T cell mediates ______ immunity
Humoral
Cellular
Booster vaccines takes ——- days to produce antibodies in large quantities
3-4 days
Fc fragment
??
Fraction crystallyzable
Pre cortical Tcell is _______ antigen specific
CD1+
From pre cortical T cell to _______ T cell to ______ T cell and leaves into the blood as _____/______ T cell
All in the ______
Cortical
Medullary
Circulating; virgin
Thymic lobule
Few T cells surround granulomatous tissues
T/F
F
A lot of them (T-delayed hypersensitivity cells)
T-delayed hypersensitivity cells supply ________ to aid monocyte-macrophages function again chronic infections
Gamma interferon
SLE-_______
Systemic lupus erythromatosis
Th2 is referred to as ____ cell
Regulatory T cell
List the 4 goals of anti retro viral therapy
Virologic goal
Immunological goal
Clinical goal
Epidemiological goal
Virologic goal: the virus in the blood becomes ________ once the drug is taken
Undetectable
Immunological goal: ______ is free from cytopathy now and ______ can start producing new ones( ________ )
CD4+ Tcell
Bone marrow
Immune reconstitution
Clinical goal: there is cessation of development of _______ illnesses
Opportunistic
Epidemiological goal: for every 1 individual that is on anti retro viral drug, ________
5 new infections have been prevented in the general population
Nk cells mediate ______ immunity
Tcells mediate ______ immunity
Bcells mediate _______ immunity
Innate
Cellular
Humoral
Which of the following are not the methods for cell separation?
a. FACS
b. Panning
c. Density gradient centrifugation
d. HPLC
D
Which of the following infections can cause lymphocytosis in young children?
a. Typhoid fever
b. Tuberculosis
c. Bordetella pertussis
d. Hemophilis influenza
C
Which of the following is primary lymphoid organ?
a. Thymus
b. Peyer’s patches
c. Lymph node
d. Spleen
A
Primary lymphoid organs
Secondary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow, thymus
Lymph nodes, spleen , MALT
Which of the following statements is not true about HLA?
a. HLA genes are located on chromosome no 6 and are highly
polymorphic
b. HLA molecules on APCs present peptide antigens to T-lymphocyte
c. HLA class II molecules contains alpha and beta chains
d. HLA class I molecules are heterodimers consist of covalently bound
alpha chain and beta microglobulin.
D
Myeloma does not cause generalized lymphadeno- pathy?
Spleen : Production of antibody for limiting infection by ______ bacteria
Yes
encapsulated
