LYMPHOMA Flashcards

1
Q

what is lymphoma?

A

Lymphomas are a group of cancers that affect lymphocytes inside lymph nodes

Cancer cells proliferate in the lymph nodes causing them to become abnormally large

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2
Q

types of lymphoma and which is more curable

A

Hodgkins lymphoma= very curable

Non hodgkins lymphoma

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3
Q

staging of lymphoma?

A

Ann arbor staging

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4
Q

what is the criteria for stages 1-4 in the Ann Arbor staging of lymphoma?

A

1- Only one lymph node involved
2- two or more lymph nodes on one side of diaphragm
3- nodes on either side of diaphragm (above and below)
4- spread beyond the lymph nodes

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5
Q

what are the A and B symptoms of lymphoma?

A

A SYMPTOMS
-No systemic symptoms other than pruiritis

B SYMPTOMS
-weight loss (>10% in past 6 months)
-Fever (>38 degrees)
-Night sweats (drenching)

B symptoms= poor prognosis

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6
Q

what is seen on bloods lymphoma?

A

-Lymphocytosis (increase lymphocyte count)

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7
Q

what investigation done for lymphoma?

A

Excision lymph node biopsy= gold standard

Blood film

MUST DO IMMUNOPHENOTYPING- TO DETERMINE LINEAGE
(leucocytosis could be CLL)

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8
Q

Treatment of both HL and NHL?

A

Multi agent chemotherapy +/- radiotherapy

Emergency= steroids
-compression on SVC, spinal cord, renal tract, respiratory tract ect

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9
Q

what is the problem with giving steroids ?

A

Giving steroids can mess with the biopsy and cellular architecture

-but would just do it anyways in emergency

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10
Q

Risks factors- Hodgkins lymphoma?

A

-20s
-EBV
-Immunosuppression e.g. HIV
-Autoimmune disorders
-FH

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11
Q

symptoms specific to hodgkins lymphoma?

A

specific= lymph nodes becoming painful with drinking alocohol

FOR BOTH HL + NHL:
A symptoms= itch with no rash
B symptoms= weight loss, fever, night sweats

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12
Q

what is seen on blood film- hodgkins?

A

Reed Sternberg cells
-look like owl

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13
Q

what can bleomycin cause? (used in multiagent chemo +/- radiotherapy for treatment of HL)

A

penumonitis

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14
Q

what can be seen on lymph node biopsy of HL?

A

nodular sclerosing

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15
Q

what can NHL be split into and what type is more agressive?

A

B cell (90%)

T cell (10%)- more agressive, doesnt respond well to chemo

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16
Q

describe prognosis of high grade vs low grade B cell NHL

A

High grade- more agressive but more curable

Low grade- a lot slower growing (may not even have symptoms) but lose ability to apoptose and very hard to cure and relapses a lot

17
Q

what is a very agressive, fast growing type of B cell NHL? (fastest growing human tumour)

A

Burkitts lymphoma

18
Q

what causes Burkitt lymphoma?

A

Chromosomal translocations involving c-myc (t(8:14))

19
Q

Describe a Mantle cell lymphoma

A

-type of B cell NHL
-looks low grade but is not actually
-very fast growing and doesnt really cure

20
Q

Describe a marginal zone lymphoma

A

-type of B cell NHL
-very indilent
-can leave it alone a long time and wont really do anything

21
Q

what mutation causes a follicular NHL?

A

Translocation mutation
t (14:18)