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Anatomy and Physiology > Lymphatic System and Immunity > Flashcards

Lymphatic System and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

these are microorganisms that cause disease or damage to the tissues of the body

A

pathogens

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2
Q

what system is important for the protection of thebody

A

lymphatic system

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3
Q

what are the funtions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. maintenance of fluid balance
  2. lipid absorption
  3. defense
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4
Q

once fluid is inside the lymphatic capillaries, it is called ___-

A

lymph

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5
Q

the lymphatic system absorbs lipids and other substances from the digestive tract through lymphatic vessels called ___

A

lacteals

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6
Q

name the parts of the lymphatic system

A
  1. lymph
  2. lymphatic vessels
  3. lymph nodes
  4. tonsils
  5. spleen
  6. thymus
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7
Q

how many directions does the lymphatic system carry fluid?

A

one direction lang tih

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8
Q

what is that structure in the lymphatic system are tiny, close-ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium?

A

lymphatic capillaries

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9
Q

true or false? mas permeable si lymphatic capillaries kaysa sa blood capillaries.

A

true.
mas permeable sha kay wala shay basement membrane

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10
Q

lymphatic capillaries join together to form larger ____ which resemble small veins

A

lymphatic vessels

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11
Q

what are the 3 factors that cause compression of the lymphatic vessels?

A
  1. contraction of skeletal muscles during activity
  2. periodic contractions of smooth muscles in lymphatic vessel walls
  3. pressure changes in the thorax during breathing
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12
Q

the lymphatic vessels from the right upper limb and the right half of the head, neck, and chest form the what?

A

right lymphatic duct

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13
Q

asa mag drain ang blood from the right lymphatic duct?

A

right subclavian vein

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14
Q

lymphatic vessels from the rest of the body drain into the???

A

thoracic duct

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15
Q

asa magdrain ang blood from the thoracic duct?

A

left subclavian vein

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16
Q

what are the lymphatic organs?

A
  1. lymph nodes
  2. tonsils
  3. spleen
  4. thymus
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17
Q

lymphatic tissues is characterized by housing many ____ and other defense cells such as _____-

A

lymphocytes, macrophages

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18
Q

asa naga originate si lymphocytes?

A

red bone marrow

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19
Q

what are the three major tonsils?

A
  1. palatine tonsils
  2. pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
  3. lingual tonsils
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20
Q

what do you call a pharyngeal tonsil that is enlarged?

A

adenoid/s

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21
Q

the removal of the palatine tonsils is called?

A

tonsilectomy

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22
Q

the removal of the pharyngeal tonsils is called the?

A

adenoidectomy

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23
Q

these are rounded structures, varying from size of a small seed to that of a shelled almond

A

lymph nodes

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24
Q

naay 3 superficial aggregations ang mga lymph nodes on each side of the body. asa mani sila makita?

A
  1. inguinal nodes in the groin
  2. axillary nodes in the axilla (armpit)
  3. cervical nodes in the neck
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25
Q

what surrounds each lmyph nodes?

A

a dense connective tissue CAPSULE

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26
Q

mawni sya ang extensions of the capsule that subdivide a lymph node into compartments containing lymphatic tissue and lymphatic sinuses

A

trabeculae

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27
Q

the lymphatic tissue consists of lymphocytes that form dense aggregations of tissue called the what?

A

lymphatic nodules

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28
Q

these are spaces between the lymphatic tissue that contain macrophages on a network of fibers

A

lymphatic sinuses

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29
Q

the lymphatic nodules containing the rapidly dividing lymphocytes are called what?

A

germinal centers

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30
Q

it is roughly the size of a clenched fist and is located in the left, superior corner of the abdominal cavity.

A

spleen

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31
Q

what are the two specialized part of the lymphatic capsule?

A

white pulp
red pulp

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32
Q

it is the lymphatic tissue surrounding the arteries within the spleen

A

white pulp

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33
Q

it is the lymphatic tissue associated with the veins consisting of a fibrous network filled with macrophages, RBCs, and enlarged capillaries that connect to the veins

A

red pulp

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34
Q

unsay gina filter sa spleen?

A

blood

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35
Q

procedure for the removal of the spleen

A

splenectomy

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36
Q

it is a bi-lobed gland roughly triangular in shape

A

thymus

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37
Q

what do you call the area in the thymus near the capsule and trabeculae that is dark stained?

A

cortex

38
Q

the lighter-stained area and central portion of the lobules in the thymus is called?

A

medulla

39
Q

the thymus is the site for the maturation of a class of lymphocytes called?

A

T-cells

40
Q

what do you call the lymph in the lacteals, that have high lipid content?

A

chyle

41
Q

it is the ability to resisit damage from pathogens such as microorganisms

A

immunity

42
Q

immunity is categorized into 2 systems, what are those 2 systems?

A
  1. innate immunity (nonspecific immunity)
  2. adaptive immunity (specific immunity)
43
Q

what is the type of immunity in which the body recognizes and destroys certain pathogens but the response to them is THE SAME each time the body is exposed

A

Innate immunity

44
Q

what is the type of immunity in which the body recognizes and destroys pathogens but the response to them IMPROVES each time the pathogen is encountered

A

adaptive immunity

45
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the adaptive immunity?

A
  1. antibody-mediated immunity
  2. cell-mediated immunity
46
Q

it is a type of adaptive immunity where it involves b-cells

A

antibody-mediated immunity

47
Q

it is a type of adaptive immunity where it involes t-cells

A

cell-mediated immunity

48
Q

it is a characteristic of adaptive immunity in which the body has the ability to recognize a particular substance

A

specificity

49
Q

it is a characteristic of adaptive immunity in which the body has the ability to remember previous encounters with a particular substance

A

memory

50
Q

what are the mechanisms involed in innate immunity?

A
  1. physical barriers
  2. chemical mediators
  3. white blood cells
  4. inflammatory response
51
Q

____ prevent pathogens and chemical from entering the body

A

physical barriers

52
Q

two ways of physical barrier:

A
  1. skin and mucous membranes
  2. tears, saliva, urine, and other secretions
53
Q

they are responsible for many aspects of innate immunity

A

chemical mediators

54
Q

naa sa atong tears and saliva, they kill certain bacteria

A

lysozyme

55
Q

other chemical mediators such as histamine, complements, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins promote inflammation by causing ____ and increasing vascular permeability

A

vasodilation

56
Q

it is a group of more than 20 proteins found in blood plasma. has ability to lyse (rupture) bacterial cells

A

complements

57
Q

proteins that protect the body against viral infections. does not protect cell but instead bind to surface of neighboring cells and stimulate them to produce antiviral proteins.

A

interferons

58
Q

most important cellular components in immunity

A

white blood cells

59
Q

the movement of white blood cells toward these chemicals is called?

A

chemotaxis

60
Q

it is the ingestion and destruction of particles by cells called phagocytes

A

phagocytosis

61
Q

small phagocytic wbc’s, usually first to enter infected tissues from the blood in large numbers. increase inflammatory response by recruiting and activating other immune cells

A

neutrophils

62
Q

accumulation of fluid, dead neutrophils, and other cells at site of infection

A

pus

63
Q

these are monocytes that leave the blood, enter tissues, and enlarge about five-fold.

A

macrophages

64
Q

monocytes and macrohpages form the ____ because they are phagocytes with a single unlobed nucleus

A

mononuclear phagocytic system

65
Q

what are the two phagocytic cells?

A

neutrophils
macrophage

66
Q

what are the 3 cells of inflammation

A

basophils
mast cells
eosinophils

67
Q

these are motile WBC’s that can leave the blood and enter infected areas

A

basophils

68
Q

nonmotile cells in connective tissue

A

mast cells

69
Q

they participate in inflammation associated with allergies and asthma

A

eosinophils

70
Q

these are a type of lymphocytes accounting up to 15% of lypmphocytes

A

NK (natural killer) cells

71
Q

it is an inflammatory response confined to a specific area of the body.

A

local inflammation

72
Q

it is an inflammatory response that is generally distributed throughout the body

A

systemic inflamamtion

73
Q

are substances that stimulate adaptive immune responses

A

antigens

74
Q

what are the two groups of antigens

A
  1. foreign antigens
  2. self-antigens
75
Q

type of antigen introduced from outside thebody

A

foreign antigens

76
Q

are molecules produced by the body cells to identify them as “self” or part of the body

A

self-antigens

77
Q

this occurs when self-antigens stimulate unwanted destruction of normal tissue

A

autoimmune diseases

78
Q

these are small groups of identical b cells or t cells

A

clone

79
Q

what is this thing in the cell membrane of lymphocytes?

A

antibody receptors (t-cell receptors, b-cell receptors)

80
Q

these are glycoproteins that have a binding site for antigens

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

81
Q

these are proteins produced in response to an antigen, y-shaped consisting of four polypeptide chains

A

antibodies

82
Q

antibodies are also called what?

A

Immunoglobulins

83
Q

this type of immunoglobulin, activates complement and increases phagocytosis. can cross placenta and provide immune protection to the fetus (hemolytic disease of new born)

A

IgG

84
Q

activates complement and act as an antigen-binding receptor on the surface of b cells

A

IgM

85
Q

type of immunoglobulin secreted in saliva, tears, and mucous membrane to protect body surfaces\

A

IgA

86
Q

binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates the inflammatory response

A

IgE

87
Q

acts as antigen binding receptor on B cells

A

IgD

88
Q

four ways to acquire adaptive immunity

A
  1. active natural
  2. active artificial
  3. passive natural
  4. passive artificial
89
Q

results when an individual is exposed to an antigen and the response of the individual’s own immune system is the cause of immunity

A

Active immunity

90
Q

occurs when another person or an animal develops immunity and the immunity is transferred to a non-immune individual

A

passive immunity

91
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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