Endocrine System Flashcards
the endocrine system is composed of ___
endocrine glands
what do you call the small amounts of chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine glands?
hormones
hormones circulate to specific sites called the ___-
target tissues or effectors
the study of endocrine system
endocrinology
they allow cells to communicate with each other to regulate body activities
chemical messengers
what are the four types of chemical messengers
- autocrine
- paracrine
- neurotransmitter
- endocrine
this type of chemical messenger is secreted by cells in a local area, stimulates the cell that originally secreted it
autocrine
this type of chemical messenger acts locally o neighboring cells
paracrine
this type of chemical messenger is secreted by neurons that activate adjacent cell
neurotransmitter
this type of chemical messengers are secreted into the bloodstream by certain glands and cells
endocrine chemical messeners
hormones can be divided int o groups based on their chemical structures, enumerate.
steroid hormones (from cholesterol)
thyroid hormones (made of tyrosine)
amino acid derivatives/peptides/proteins
two chemical categories of hormones
water-soluble hormones
lipid-soluble hormones
these hormones are non-polar and include steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and fatty acid derivatives such as certain eicosands
lipid-soluble hormones
_____ chaperone the hormone and significantly reduces the rate at which lipid-soluble hormones are degraded or removed from the blood
binding proteins
are polar molecules, they include protein hormones, peptide hormones, and most amino acid derivative hormones
water-soluble hormones
molecules and ions directly stimulating the release of some hormones
humoral stimuli
some neuron secretes chemical messenger directly into the blood when they are stimulates making these chemical messengers hormones, what do you call them?
neuropeptides
specialized neuropeptides stimulate hormone secretion of other endocrine cells and are called
releasing hormones
it is when a hormone is secreted tgat in turn stimulate the secretion of other hormones
hormonal stimuli
hormones in the hypothalamus that prevent secretion of tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland are called?
inhibiting hormones
hormones exert their actions by binding to target cell proteins called??
receptors
the pituitary gland is also called the ____
hypophysis
it is a small gland about the size of a pea
pituitary gland
serves as the control center of the autonomic nervous system as well as the endocrine system
hypothalamus
the pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk called
infundibulum
the pituitary gland is divided into 2 parts what are those 2 parts
posterior pituitary gland
anterior pituitaru gland
which part of the pituitary gland is just an extension of the human brain
posterior pituitary gland
known as the body’s master gland
pituitary gland
the capillary beds and veins that transport the releasing and inhibiting hormones are called the ???
hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system
enumerate the hormones of the anterior pituitary
- growth hormone
- thyroid-stimulating hormone
- adrenocorticotropic hormone
- gonadotropins
- prolactin
- melanocyte-stimulating hormones
this hormone stimulates the growth of bones, muscles, and other organs by increasing gene expression
growth hormone
a young perosn suffering from a defficiency of growth hormone`
pituitary dwarf
the person becomes abnormally tall due to excess growth hormone secretion before bones finish growing in length
giantism
facial features and hands become abnormally large due to excess hormone secretion after the bone legnth is complete
acromegaly
this hormone stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone
thyroid-stimulating hormone
binds to membrane-bound receptors in the adrenal cortex and increases the secretion of cortisol
adrenocorticotropic hormone
hormon that binds into membran ebound receptors in the gonads
gonadotropins
the two types of gonadotropins
luteinizing hormones
follicle-stimulating hormones
this type of gonadotropin promotes secretion of reproductive hormones
luteinizing hormones
this type of gondatropins stimulated the development of follicles in the ovaries and sperm in testet
follicle-stimulation hormones
helps promote development of the breast during pregnancy and stimulates the production of milk following pregnancy
prolactin
hormone that synthesizes melanin
melanocyte-stimulating. hormone
what are the hormones of the posterior pituitary gland
antidiuretic horomones
oxytocin
this hormone increases water reabsorption
antidiuretic hormone
this hormone causes contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the uterus as well as milk letdown from the breasts in lactating women
oxytocin
what are the three hormones secreted by the thyroid gland?
triiodothyronine (t3)
thyroxine (t4)
calcitonin
the narrow band that connects the two lobes of the htyroid gland
isthmus
the thyroid gland contains numerous _____ whihc are small speheres
thyroid follicles
unsay epithelium the thyroid follicles?
simple cuboidal epithelium
eahc thyroid follicle is filled with what?
thyroglobulin
also called c cellls in tyroid
parafollicular cells
parafollicular cells secrete what
calcitonin
it is a condition where the thyroid glan enlarges
goiter
