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Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

the endocrine system is composed of ___

A

endocrine glands

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2
Q

what do you call the small amounts of chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine glands?

A

hormones

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3
Q

hormones circulate to specific sites called the ___-

A

target tissues or effectors

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4
Q

the study of endocrine system

A

endocrinology

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5
Q

they allow cells to communicate with each other to regulate body activities

A

chemical messengers

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6
Q

what are the four types of chemical messengers

A
  1. autocrine
  2. paracrine
  3. neurotransmitter
  4. endocrine
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7
Q

this type of chemical messenger is secreted by cells in a local area, stimulates the cell that originally secreted it

A

autocrine

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8
Q

this type of chemical messenger acts locally o neighboring cells

A

paracrine

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9
Q

this type of chemical messenger is secreted by neurons that activate adjacent cell

A

neurotransmitter

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10
Q

this type of chemical messengers are secreted into the bloodstream by certain glands and cells

A

endocrine chemical messeners

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11
Q

hormones can be divided int o groups based on their chemical structures, enumerate.

A

steroid hormones (from cholesterol)
thyroid hormones (made of tyrosine)
amino acid derivatives/peptides/proteins

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12
Q

two chemical categories of hormones

A

water-soluble hormones
lipid-soluble hormones

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13
Q

these hormones are non-polar and include steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and fatty acid derivatives such as certain eicosands

A

lipid-soluble hormones

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14
Q

_____ chaperone the hormone and significantly reduces the rate at which lipid-soluble hormones are degraded or removed from the blood

A

binding proteins

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15
Q

are polar molecules, they include protein hormones, peptide hormones, and most amino acid derivative hormones

A

water-soluble hormones

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16
Q

molecules and ions directly stimulating the release of some hormones

A

humoral stimuli

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17
Q

some neuron secretes chemical messenger directly into the blood when they are stimulates making these chemical messengers hormones, what do you call them?

A

neuropeptides

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18
Q

specialized neuropeptides stimulate hormone secretion of other endocrine cells and are called

A

releasing hormones

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19
Q

it is when a hormone is secreted tgat in turn stimulate the secretion of other hormones

A

hormonal stimuli

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20
Q

hormones in the hypothalamus that prevent secretion of tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland are called?

A

inhibiting hormones

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21
Q

hormones exert their actions by binding to target cell proteins called??

A

receptors

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22
Q

the pituitary gland is also called the ____

A

hypophysis

23
Q

it is a small gland about the size of a pea

A

pituitary gland

24
Q

serves as the control center of the autonomic nervous system as well as the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

25
Q

the pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk called

A

infundibulum

26
Q

the pituitary gland is divided into 2 parts what are those 2 parts

A

posterior pituitary gland
anterior pituitaru gland

27
Q

which part of the pituitary gland is just an extension of the human brain

A

posterior pituitary gland

28
Q

known as the body’s master gland

A

pituitary gland

29
Q

the capillary beds and veins that transport the releasing and inhibiting hormones are called the ???

A

hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system

30
Q

enumerate the hormones of the anterior pituitary

A
  1. growth hormone
  2. thyroid-stimulating hormone
  3. adrenocorticotropic hormone
  4. gonadotropins
  5. prolactin
  6. melanocyte-stimulating hormones
31
Q

this hormone stimulates the growth of bones, muscles, and other organs by increasing gene expression

A

growth hormone

32
Q

a young perosn suffering from a defficiency of growth hormone`

A

pituitary dwarf

33
Q

the person becomes abnormally tall due to excess growth hormone secretion before bones finish growing in length

A

giantism

34
Q

facial features and hands become abnormally large due to excess hormone secretion after the bone legnth is complete

A

acromegaly

35
Q

this hormone stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

36
Q

binds to membrane-bound receptors in the adrenal cortex and increases the secretion of cortisol

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

37
Q

hormon that binds into membran ebound receptors in the gonads

A

gonadotropins

38
Q

the two types of gonadotropins

A

luteinizing hormones
follicle-stimulating hormones

39
Q

this type of gonadotropin promotes secretion of reproductive hormones

A

luteinizing hormones

40
Q

this type of gondatropins stimulated the development of follicles in the ovaries and sperm in testet

A

follicle-stimulation hormones

41
Q

helps promote development of the breast during pregnancy and stimulates the production of milk following pregnancy

A

prolactin

42
Q

hormone that synthesizes melanin

A

melanocyte-stimulating. hormone

43
Q

what are the hormones of the posterior pituitary gland

A

antidiuretic horomones
oxytocin

44
Q

this hormone increases water reabsorption

A

antidiuretic hormone

45
Q

this hormone causes contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the uterus as well as milk letdown from the breasts in lactating women

A

oxytocin

46
Q

what are the three hormones secreted by the thyroid gland?

A

triiodothyronine (t3)
thyroxine (t4)
calcitonin

47
Q

the narrow band that connects the two lobes of the htyroid gland

A

isthmus

48
Q

the thyroid gland contains numerous _____ whihc are small speheres

A

thyroid follicles

49
Q

unsay epithelium the thyroid follicles?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

50
Q

eahc thyroid follicle is filled with what?

A

thyroglobulin

51
Q

also called c cellls in tyroid

A

parafollicular cells

52
Q

parafollicular cells secrete what

A

calcitonin

53
Q

it is a condition where the thyroid glan enlarges

A

goiter

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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