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ESA1 - Body Logistics > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

FLUID (lymph)

VESSELS (lymphatics)

CELLS (lymphocytes)

TISSUES

ORGANS

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2
Q

Where do lymphatics tend to lie?

A

Adjacent to arteries and veins

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3
Q

What are examples of lymphatic nodules?

A

Tonsils, peyer’s patches and the veniform appendix

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4
Q

What are the lymph organs?

A

Lymph nodes, thymus and spleen

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5
Q

What tissues does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

Diffuse, mucosal associated lymphatic tissue (MALT), this includes gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT) and bronchus-associated lymphatic tissue (BALT)

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6
Q

Are there any lymphatic system in the nervous system?

A

No

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7
Q

What helps to propel lymph along?

A

Skeletal muscle movement, pressure changes in the thorax and pulsation of adjacent arteries. Also larger lymphatic eg in the abdomen have smooth muscle in their walls.

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8
Q

What are the three tonsils?

A

Adenoid, lingual and palatine

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9
Q

Where are peyers patches found?

A

Small intestine, mainly the ileum

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10
Q

Where does the feeding artery and draining vein of each lymph node enter and leave by?

A

Via the hilum

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11
Q

Each lymph node has afferent lymph vessels that enter via what?

A

The convex surface

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12
Q

Each node has efferent lymph vessels that leave via what?

A

The hilum

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13
Q

What do follicular dendritic cells cause?

A

Proliferation of B cells, in particular memory B cells

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14
Q

Do T cells recognise antigens without antigen presentation?

A

No, unlike B cells

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15
Q

What are two examples of professional antigen presenting cells?

A

B cells and macrophages

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16
Q

What is the initial reaction of the body to an antigen?

A

Inflammatory response - mediated mainly by neutrophils and macrophages

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17
Q

Roughly how many lymphocytes are in the human body?

A

700

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18
Q

What is the largest lymphatic organ?

A

Spleen

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19
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A

Filters blood

Immune functions:

  • antigen presentation
  • activation and proliferation of B and T cells, production of antibodies
  • removal of macro molecular antigens from blood

Haemopoietic functions:

  • removal and destruction of old, damaged and abnormal erythrocytes and platelets
  • retrieval of iron from erythrocyte haemoglobin
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20
Q

What is the role of the thymus?

A

Maturation of bone marrow derived stem cells into T cells - thymus cell education

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21
Q

How do phagocytes process phagocytosed materal?

A

Lysosomal hydrolases and respiratory burst

22
Q

What is meant by the process of opsonisation?

A

The process by which a pathogen is marked for ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte, involving the binding of opsonins.

23
Q

What is an opsonin?

A

Often a protein eg an antibody that binds to a pathogen and marks it.

24
Q

What is complement?

A

Consists of a group of serum proteins that activates inflammation, destroys cells and participates in opsonisation.

25
Q

By which two pathways can the complement cascade be activated by?

A

Classical pathway or Alternative pathway

26
Q

True or False:

The complement cascade can activate antibody production

A

False - can activate inflammation, cytolysis and opsonisation

27
Q

In the classical pathway, how is C1 activated?

A

Binds to an antigen-antibody complex

28
Q

Briefly describe the classical pathway

A
  • C1 activated by binding of antigen-antibody complex
  • Activated C1 cleaves C2 into C2a and C2b
  • Also cleaves C4 into C4a and C4b
  • C2b and C4b combine to form C3 convertase
  • C3 convertase cleaves C3 into C3a and C3b
29
Q

Briefly describe the alternative pathway

A
  • C3b activated by binding of antigens such as bacterial cell wall
  • Activated C3b reacts with proteins to form C3 convertase
  • C3 convertase cleaves C3 into C3a and C3b
30
Q

In the alternative pathway, how is C3b activated?

A

Binds to antigens such as bacterial cell wall components

31
Q

What is C3a involved in?

A

Stimulation of inflammation

32
Q

What is C3b involved in?

A

Opsonisation

33
Q

What does the membrane attack complex do?

A

Forms holes in cell membrane and causes cells to lyse

34
Q

What is lymphoedema?

A

Swelling as a result of obstruction of lymph vessels or lymph nodes and thus the accumulation of lymph in the affected region

35
Q

Why does oedema occur?

A
  • Too much fluid in interstitial space
  • Increased hydrostatic pressure
  • Reduced oncotic pressure
  • Inflammation
36
Q

What is arteriolar capillary hydostatic pressure?

A

35 mmHg

37
Q

What is venular capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A

15 mmHg

38
Q

What is blood colloid oncotic pressure?

A

25 mmHg

39
Q

What happens at the arterial end of the capillary?

A

Fluid exits capillary since capillary hydrostatic pressure (35 mmHg) is greater than blood collodal osmotic pressure (25 mmHg)

40
Q

What happens mid capillary?

A

No net movement of fluid as capillary hydrostatic pressure (25 mmHg) = blood colloidal osmotic pressure (25 mmHg)

41
Q

What happens at the venous end of the capillary?

A

Fluid re-enters capillary as capillary hydrostatic pressure (15 mmHg) is lower than blood colloidal osmotic pressure (25 mmHg)

42
Q

Where do Glucose, O2 and other nutrients have greatest concentration?

A

In blood at arterial end so they move out by diffusion

43
Q

Where do CO2 and other wastes have greatest concentration?

A

In the interstitial fluid at the venous end so diffuse into the blood

44
Q

How does water move in/out of capillaries?

A

By net effect of blood pressure versus osmotic pressure. Eg at arterial end, blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure so water moves out. At venous end, osmotic pressure is higher than blood pressure so water moves in.

45
Q

Why does oedema often appear first at the ankles?

A

Gravity can cause a vertical gradient of venous pressures

46
Q

Where would you expect oedema to appear in someone who is lying in bed?

A

Sacral oedema

47
Q

What is hypoproteinaemia and what does this cause?

A

A condition where there is an abnormally low level of protein in the blood. Decreased serum protein decreases the osmotic pressure of the blood, leading to loss of fluid from the intravascular compartment, or the blood vessels, to the interstitial tissues, resulting in oedema.

48
Q

What does lymphatic obstruction cause?

A

Lymphatic obstruction causes an increase in the protein content of the extravascular tissue, with subsequent retention of water and swelling of the soft tissue. The increase in the extravascular protein stimulates proliferation of fibroblasts, organization of the fluid, and the development of a nonpitting swelling of the affected extremity.

49
Q

What is pitting oedema often caused by?

A

Circulation problems, often cardio related

Complications of vital organs eg kidney, liver, heart

50
Q

What is non-pitting oedema often caused by?

A

Lymphatics related. The osmotic pressure generated by the swollen lymph nodes may be responsible for the constant internal pressure pushing the fluids against the skin even when pressure is applied on the affected area.

51
Q

What causes pitting oedema to pit?

A

The indentation made on the skin when pressure is applied to a pitting edema is due to the fluid leaking out of the capillaries into the subcutaneous tissue.

52
Q

Why does oedema occur with infection/injury?

A
  • Increased blood flow to site
  • Cytokines/prostaglandins increase capillary permeability so proteins leave the capillary to go to infected area
  • Raised oncotic pressure so fluid follows, causing oedema

ESA1 - Body Logistics (14 decks)

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