Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ESA1 - Body Logistics > Epithelia and Glands > Flashcards

Epithelia and Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are mucous membranes?

A

Mucous membanes line internal tubes which open to the exterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some examples of where mucous membranes are found?

A

Alimentary tact, respiratory tract and urinary tract - these bear mucous-secreting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does a mucous membrane consist of?

A
  • An epithelium
  • An adjacent layer of connective tissue called the LAMINA PROPRIA
  • In the alimentary tract, a third layer of smooth muscle (THE MUSCULARIS MUCOUSAE)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the layer of connective tissue in a mucous membrane called?

A

Lamina propria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the layer of smooth muscle in the mucous membrane of the alimentary tract called?

A

Muscularis mucousae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the layers of the mucosa of the gut wall?

A

Muscularis mucosae, lamina propria and epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are serous membranes?

A

Thin, two-part membranes which line closed body cavities (spaces that do not open to the exterior). They envelop the viscera.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the viscera?

A

Body organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the serous membrane enveloping abdominal organs called?

A

Peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the serous membrane enveloping the lungs?

A

Pleural sacs - a pleura is a serous membrane which folds back onto itself to form a two-layered membranous pleural sac.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the serous membrane enveloping the heart?

A

Pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do serous membanes secrete?

A

A lubricating fluid which promotes relatively friction-free movement of the structures they surround

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does a serous membane consist of?

A
  • Mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) which secretes a lubricating fluid
  • Thin layer of connective tissue which attaches the epithelium to adjacent tissues and carries blood vessels & nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the inner layer of the serous membrane called?

A

Visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the outer layer of the serous membrane called?

A

Parietal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are epithelia that are one cell layer thick called?

A

Simple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are epithelia that are more than one cell layer thick called?

A

Stratified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

Thin, flexible, acellular layer which lies between epithelial cells and connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the basement membrane consist of?

A

Basal lamina which is laid down by the epithelial cells and therefore lies closest to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can the thickness of the basement membrane be augmented by?

A

A variably thick layer of reticular fibils (type III collagen), elaborated by the subtending connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the basement membrane serve as?

A

A strong, flexible layer to which epithelial cells adhere. It also serves as a cellular and molecular filter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the simple squamous epithelium that lines the pleural sac, pericardial sac and peritoneum called?

A

Mesothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are simple squamous epithelia found?

A
  • Endothelum of blood vessels and lymph vessels
  • Alveoli
  • Bowman’s capsule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Mesothelum of pericardium, pleura and pertonium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the functions of simple squamous epithelia?

A

Gas exchange (alveoli)
Barrier (Bowman’s capsule)
Lubrication (pericardium, pleura, peritoneum)
Active transport by pinocytosis (mesothelium + endothelium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelia found?

A
  • Thyroid follicles
  • Small ducts of exocrine glands
  • Kidney tubules
  • Ovary surface
26
Q

What are the functons of simple cuboidal epithelia?

A
  • Absorption
  • Secretion
  • Barrier
  • Hormone synthesis, storage and mobilisation
27
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelia found?

A
  • Stomach lining and gastric glands
  • Small intestine and colon
  • Gallbladder
  • Large ducts of exocrine glands
  • Oviducts
  • Uterus
  • Efferent ducts of testis
28
Q

What are the functions of simple columnar epithelia?

A
  • Absorption (small intestine, colon, gallbladder)
  • Secretion (gastric glands)
  • Lubrication (small intestine and colon)
  • Transport (oviduct)
29
Q

Where are pseudostratified epithelia found?

A
  • Lining of nasal cavity
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Epididymis and vas deferens
  • Auditory tube
30
Q

What are the functions of pseudostratified epithelia?

A
  • Secretion and conduit (respiratory tract and vas deferens)
  • Absorption (epididymis)
  • Mucous secretion (respiratory tract)
  • Particle trapping and removal (respiratory tract)
31
Q

What are the epithelial cells in the vagina rich in and why?

A

Glycogen - it is a substrate for numerous lactobacilli which produce lactic acid and therefore maintain a low pH.

32
Q

Where are stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelia found?

A
  • Oral cavity
  • Oesophagus
  • Vagina
  • Part of anal canal
  • Inner surface of eyelid
  • Larynx
  • Surfact of cornea
33
Q

What are the functions of stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelia?

A
  • Protection against abrasion

- Reduces water loss but remains moist

34
Q

Where is stratified squamous keratinized epithelium found?

A

Epidermis

35
Q

What is the epidermis mainly made up of?

A

Keratinocytes and their products

36
Q

What are the four layers of the epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum
Granular layer
Prickle cell layer
Basal layer

37
Q

Where does keratinocyte mitosis occur?

A

Basal layer

38
Q

What do keratinocytes synthesise?

A

Keratins which strengthen the epidermis and are the main constituents of hair and nail

39
Q

What happens after keratinocyte mitosis in the basal layer?

A

Daughter keratinocytes move upwards to form the prickle cell layer where terminal differentiation begins and keratinocytes lose their ability to divide.

40
Q

What happens to keratinocytes in the granular layer?

A

Keratinocytes lose their plasma membrane and begin differentiating into corneocytes.

41
Q

What are keratohyalin granules?

A

Aggreations of keratins, fibrous proteins and enzymes (eg phospholipase) found in the granular layer

42
Q

What is the stratum corneum made up of?

A

Layers of flattened corneocytes (major role in skin barrier function)

43
Q

What is the transit time of a keratinocyte from basal laye to stratum corneum?

A

28-40 days

44
Q

Other than keratinocytes, what other cells are found in the epidermis?

A

Melanocytes and Langerhans cells

45
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Dendritic cells that occur at intervals along the basal layer and produce melanin

46
Q

Where do melanocytes originate?

A

Neural crest

47
Q

What are Langerhans cells?

A

Dendritic cells scattered through the prickle cell layer that a capable of antigen presentation to T lymphocytes

48
Q

Where do Langerhans cells originate?

A

Bone marrow

49
Q

What are the functions of stratified squamous keratinized epithelia?

A
  • Protection against abrasion/trauma
  • Prevents water loss
  • Shields against UV damage
  • Prevents ingress of mirobes
50
Q

What do transitional epithelium go from in an empty bladder to a full bladder?

A

From stratified cuboidal (empty bladder)

To stratified squamous (full bladder)

51
Q

Where are transitional epithelia found?

A
  • Renal calyces
  • Ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
52
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelia?

A

Distensibility and protection of underlying tissue from toxic chemicals

53
Q

What is a gland?

A

An epithelial cell or collection of cells specialised for secretion

54
Q

How can glands be classified?

A
  • By destination of secretion
  • By structure of the gland
  • By nature of the secretion
  • By the method of discharge
55
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands with ducts

56
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Ductless glands which secrete into the bloodstream

57
Q

How would you classify a goblet cell?

A

Unicellular exocrine gland

58
Q

What are 3 methods of secretion?

A

Merocrine (exocytosis - vast majority of glands)

Apocrine (secreted droplets covered by plasmalemma eg fat droplets in milk)

Holocrine (whole cell breaks down - eg sebaceous gland of skin)

59
Q

What are the 3 major salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibular and sublingual

60
Q

Why is the pancreas an endocrine and exocrine gland?

A

Functioning as an exocrine gland, the pancreas excretes enzymes to break down the proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids in food. Functioning as an endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon to control blood sugar levels throughout the day.

ESA1 - Body Logistics (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions