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ESA1 - Body Logistics > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are some types of cell communication?

A

Endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, neurocrine

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2
Q

What is endocrine communication?

A

Release of hormones into the bloodstream

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3
Q

What are glands in the endocrine system?

A

Any structure that makes and secretes a hormone

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4
Q

What is the ‘master gland’ of the body?

A

Pituitary Gland

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5
Q

What is cell target binding influenced by?

A

Levels of hormone in blood, number of receptors on target cell, strength of the binding

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6
Q

Which hormone does the thyroid secrete?

A

Thyroxine

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7
Q

What does thyroxine stimulate?

A

Metabolism

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8
Q

What hormones do the pituitary produce?

A

Many hormones including FSH

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9
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Regulates growth and triggers sexual maturity

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10
Q

What are some of the main endocrine glands?

A

Pineal gland, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands

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11
Q

What are some of the main endocrine organs?

A

Gonads, pancreas, thymus

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12
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

Superior mediastinum

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13
Q

By late teens, what is the thymus mainly?

A

Mostly fat

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14
Q

What is the role of the thymus?

A

Maturation of bone marrow derived stem cells into T cells (thymic cell education)

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15
Q

What does the thymus produce?

A

Thymosin - a hormone that promotes T cell maturation

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16
Q

What do your hormones control and regulate?

A

Reproduction, metabolism, growth and development, body defences, homeostasis

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17
Q

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

Thermoregulation, plasma osmolality, heart rate, feeding, wakefulness, emotion, lactation

18
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce?

A

ADH and oxytocin

6 hormones that travel via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary (4 stimulatory, 2 inhibitory)

19
Q

Where do ADH and oxytocin produced by the hypothalamus travel to?

A

Posterior pituitary

20
Q

What is the pituitary gland also known as?

A

Hypophysis

21
Q

What are the two lobes that the pituitary gland is divided into?

A

Anterior and posterior

22
Q

What is stress defined as?

A

A state of real or perceived threat to homeostasis

23
Q

What are some behavioural effects of the stress response?

A

Increased awareness, improved cognition, euphoria, enhanced analgesia

24
Q

What are some physiological effects of the stress response?

A

Increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate, inhibition of feeding, digestion, growth, reproduction and immunity

25
Q

Where are the principal effectors of the stress response?

A

Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and adrenal gland

26
Q

What is the adrenal cortex?

A

Outer part of the gland

27
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) and mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

28
Q

What is the central portion of the adrenal gland?

A

The medulla

29
Q

What is the medulla of the adrenal gland composed of?

A

Large, pale staining epithelioid cells called chromaffin cells which are, in effect, modified nuerons

30
Q

Why are chromaffin cells considered the equivalent of postsynaptic neurons?

A

When nerve impulses carried by the sympathetic fibres reach catecholamine-secreting chromaffin cells, they release adrenaline and noradrenaline

31
Q

What is an example of neurocrine secretion?

A

Chromaffin cells as they are considered the equivalent of postsynaptic neurones and they secrete into the blood stream

32
Q

What are some effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline?

A

Glycogen breaks down into glucose - increased blood glucose

Increased blood pressure

Increased breathing rate

Increased metabolic rate

Change in blood flow patterns leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive activity

33
Q

What does the pineal gland produce?

A

Melatonin

34
Q

What is melatonin involved in?

A

Control of circadian rhythm

35
Q

What inhibits melatonin release?

A

Light exposure - neuronal pathway is from retina to hypothalamus to pineal gland

36
Q

What does melatonin inhibit the release of?

A

Gonadotrophins (LH and FSH)

37
Q

Why is the pineal gland visible on skull x-rays?

A

It calcifies in early adulthood

38
Q

Where are examples of neurocrine communication?

A

Hypothalamus, posterior pituitary and adrenal medulla

39
Q

What are hormones usually made from?

A

Amino acids or derived from lipids

40
Q

What determines whether hormones are water soluble or lipid soluble?

A

Whether they are made from amino acids or derived from lipids so target cells for water soluble hormones have receptors on the membrane and target cells for lipid soluble hormones have intracellular receptors

ESA1 - Body Logistics (14 decks)

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