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Microanatomy 1 > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the overall function of the lymphatic system?

A

secondary defense system

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2
Q

What methods of defense are present in the lymphatic system?

A
  • humoral immune system
  • cell mediated immune system
  • filtration of lymph and blood
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3
Q

What is the primary method of defense?

What type of response is elicited?

A

Primary method of defense: epithelial cells

Type of response elicited: innate or nonspecific

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4
Q

What cells are involved in the innate immune system?

A
  • neutrophils
  • macrophages
  • NK cells = natural killer cells
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5
Q

Secondary response is also known by this name?

A

acquired or specific immune system

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6
Q

Humoral cells

A
  • B lymphocytes
  • antibodies
  • plasma cells
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7
Q

Cell mediated cells

A
  • T lymphocytes = cell-to-cell contact

- cytokines = chemical signals

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8
Q

T/F: Humeral and Cell-mediated cells are not completely separate from each other.

A

True

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9
Q

Two types of lymphatic tissues

A
  • diffuse

- dense

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10
Q

Diffuse lymphatic tissues

A

loosely scattered lymphocytes beneath epithelial layers

ex - lamina propria of G.I. tract

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11
Q

Dense Lymphatic Tissue

A
  • more compact

- usually in form of spherical structures (nodules)

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12
Q

What is an aggregated lymph nodule?

A

accumulations of many nodules

ex - Peyer’s patches

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13
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches located?

A

small intestine, specifically ILEUM!!

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14
Q

What are “tonsils”?

A

-areas with lymphoid tissues very closely associated with epithelium

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15
Q

Key sign of tonsils?

A

Lymphocytes invading the epithelium

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16
Q

crypts

A

deep invaginations of epithelium

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17
Q

Does lymphatic TISSUE have a capsule?

A

No

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18
Q

Do lymphatic ORGANS have capsules?

A

Yes

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19
Q

Location of Lymph Nodes

A

Occur in constant locations

Lymphocenters = lymph nodes always occur in the same places and drain the same area

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20
Q

Shape and structure of the Lymph Node

A

Shape:

  • usually bean shaped
  • have a hilus in concave area

Structure:

  • capsule
  • stroma
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21
Q

What does the capsule of the lymph node do?

A

surrounds the node

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22
Q

What is the stroma of the lymph node?

A

-supporting part of organ

  • made of trabeculae that arise from capsule
  • trabeculae then divide the parenchyma into smaller compartments
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23
Q

What is the parenchyma of the lymph node?

A

functional part of the organ

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24
Q

What is in lymph vessels to encourage the flow of lymph in only one direction?

A

well developed valves

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25
Q

Cortex of Lymph Nodes

A
  • outer region of parenchyma
  • contains lymph nodules = primary and secondary
  • also contains lymph sinuses = subcapsular and trabecular
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26
Q

In what species is the cortex of the lymph node NOT the outer region of parenchyma?

A

swine and elephants

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27
Q

Appearance of Primary Lymph Nodules

A

homogeneous appearance

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28
Q

Appearance of Secondary Lymph Nodules

A

-contain a germinal center = lighter center that indicates previous Ag exposure

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29
Q

What is found in secondary lymph nodules?

How does what’s found here affect the coloring of secondary lymph nodules?

A

activated lymphocytes

-have more vesicular nucleus and contain more cytoplasm
This gives the paler appearance to the germinal center

30
Q

2 Possible Fates of Activated B Lymphocytes

A
  • become plasma cells

- become memory cells

31
Q

Medulla of Lymph Nodes

A

-inner region (except for swine and elephants)

32
Q

Parts of lymph node medulla

A
  • medullary cords
  • medullary sinuses
  • trabeculae extending down into medulla
33
Q

Medullary cords

A

-lymphatic tissue is in this form vs. being in nodules

Cords contain:

  • lymphocytes
  • plasma cells
  • macrophages
  • reticular cells
34
Q

Medullary sinuses

A

lymph sinuses along medullary cords

35
Q

Direction of Lymph Flow

A
  • Afferent vessels enter capsule on convex surface of node and drain into subcapsular and trabecular sinuses
  • Lymph percolates through cortical sinuses into medullary sinuses
  • Lymphocytes are added
  • Efferent vessels leave the organ at hilus of node
36
Q

In swine and elephants, is the flow of lymph from the outside inward or from the inside outward?

A

Inside outward

Still flows afferent into cortex and efferent out of medulla

37
Q

Generic Immune Response Example

A
  • Dendritic cell presents antigen to B cell with matching antibody
  • B cell becomes “activated” and rapidly divides
  • Some B cells become plasma cells
  • Some B cells become memory cells as well
38
Q

After plasma cells are formed, what do they do?

A
  • move to medullary cords

- secrete antibodies

39
Q

Hemal Nodes

A
  • small, dark lymphatic organs that resemble lymph nodes
  • filter BLOOD instead of lymph
  • primarily in ruminants, seen in horses and humans, along vertebral canal and associated with some visceral organs
  • sinuses contain blood
  • are like “little spleens”
40
Q

What is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body?

Is it necessary for life?

A

Spleen; No

41
Q

Function of the Spleen

A
  • filters blood
  • removes old (effete) RBC and abnormal RBC (sickle cell anemia, malaria)
  • removes antigenic material; participates in immune response
  • also good for handling bacteremia = bacteria in the blood
42
Q

What is the lifespan of RBC?

How does the spleen know to remove them?

A

Lifespan: 120 days

RBCs become less flexible as they age, making it harder for them to pass through capillaries

43
Q

Structure of the spleen

A
  • capsule
  • trabeculae
  • NO distinct cortex and medulla
  • reticular CT making up stroma
44
Q

Capsule of the spleen

A
  • made of dense CT and smooth muscle
  • amount of smooth muscle varies with species
  • more smooth muscle in spleen than in lymph nodes
45
Q

Where are the major arteries and veins located in the spleen?

A

In the trabeculae

46
Q

What is one easy way to tell difference between spleen and lymph nodes?

A

Spleen does not have a cortex and medulla

47
Q

The parenchyma of the spleen is made up of….

A

white and red pulp

48
Q

What is the white pulp in the spleen?

A

lymphatic tissue in the spleen

49
Q

What is the red pulp in the spleen?

A
  • venous sinuses = sinusoids

- splenic cords

50
Q

What is PALS? Where is it found? What does it contain mostly?

A

PALS = periarteriolar lymphoid sheath

Found in white pulp of spleen, around central arteries

Mainly contains T lymphocytes

51
Q

What would an expanded PALS form? What is found mostly in this area?

A

An expanded PALS would form peripheral white pulp, mainly in the form of nodules

Mostly B lymphocytes are found here

52
Q

The splenic sinuses, found in the red pulp of the spleen, help remove old RBCs how?

A

Splenic sinuses have long slits between the endothelial cells where old RBCs tend to be trapped for removal

53
Q

What is extramedullary hemopoiesis?

A

formation of blood cells outside the bone marrow

54
Q

Where does extramedullary hemopoiesis occur in the fetus?

A

spleen and liver

55
Q

Can extramedullary hemopoiesis occur in adults? If so, where and why?

A

Yes

spleen and liver

If necessary, such as when bone marrow is damaged

56
Q

What can be a sign of extramedullary hemopoiesis?

A
  • Presence of large megakaryocytes in the spleen

- enlargement of spleen and liver

57
Q

What is the area between white and red pulp called? What happens here?

A

Marginal zone

Often where an immune response is initiated d/t great amount of blood flow through the area

58
Q

Blood flow in and out of the lung?

A

Splenic artery -> trabecular artery -> central artery -> splenic sinuses -> trabecular vein -> splenic vein -> portal vein

59
Q

Types of Spleens

A
  • defensive

- reserve

60
Q

Defensive Spleen

A
  • comparatively more white pulp
  • very little smooth muscle

ex - human

61
Q

Reserve Spleen

A
  • comparatively less white pulp
  • lot of smooth muscle
  • can store blood

ex- horse, dog, cat

62
Q

What type of spleens do ruminants have?

A

An intermediate between defensive and reserve types

63
Q

Splenomegaly

A

-enlarged spleen

Causes:

  • chronic infection
  • autoimmune disease
  • neoplasia
64
Q

Function of the Thymus

A
  • production of T lymphocytes

- endocrine organ

65
Q

T/F Only a few T lymphocytes are killed off d/t potential for autoimmune reaction.

A

False.

Roughly 95% of T lymphocytes are eliminated d/t reaction with self

66
Q

Structure of the Thymus

A
  • stroma formed by epithelial reticular cells
  • cortex
  • medulla

Thymus is divided into lobules

Thymus DOES NOT contain lymph nodes!!!

67
Q

What forms the blood-thymus barrier?

A

sheets of epithelial reticular cells

68
Q

When is the thymus the largest?

A

Maximum size at birth

Involutes (atrophies) rapidly after puberty, but does not entirely disappear

69
Q

Are there afferent lymphatics going to the thymus?

A

No

70
Q

Bursa of fabricius

Avain

A
  • found in dorsal wall of proctodeum
  • important in humoral immunity
  • “Bursal Equivalent” = some animals, bone marrow; others, Peyer’s patches
  • Birds do not have lymph nodes

Microanatomy 1 (13 decks)

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