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Microanatomy 1 > Integument System > Flashcards

Integument System Flashcards

1
Q

Dermis

A
  • vascular supply for epidermis
  • papillary layer
  • reticular layer
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2
Q

What are the features of the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis?

A

papillary layer
-dermal ridges or papillae interdigitate with rete pegs of epidermis

reticular layer
-thickest laye

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3
Q

Where do nerve endings occur?

A
  • hypodermis
  • dermis
  • epidermis
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4
Q

layers of the epidermis/ dermis?

A
  • stratum corneum
  • stratum lucidum (thick skin only)
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum basale
  • stratum germatitome
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5
Q

Which layer of epidermis/dermis is only found in thick skin?

A

stratum lucidum

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6
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • “skin cells”

- make up bulk of epidermis

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7
Q

Common animal carcinoma arising from keratinocytes?

A
  • squamous cell

- basal cell

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8
Q

melanocytes

A
  • type of epidermal cell
  • pigment cells = produce melanin
  • need a special stain to see
  • originate from neural crest
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9
Q

Langerhan’s Cell

A
  • antigen-presenting cells in epidermis
  • mainly in stratum spinosum
  • originate from monocytes
  • have an oval, pale nucleus and pale cytoplasm
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10
Q

How do Langerhan’s Cells work?

A
  • originate from bone marrow precursors (monocytes)
  • migrates to epidermis
  • phagocytizes antigens
  • migrates to lymph nodes
  • presents antigen to lymphocytes
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11
Q

How melanocytes look

A
  • round cells
  • pale cytoplasm
  • have cytoplasmic processes between keratinocytes
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12
Q

How do melanocytes work?

A
  • produce melanin

- transfer melanin granules to epithelial cells, where the granules shield the nucleus

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13
Q

What is melanoma?

A
  • melanocyte tumor

- can be pigmented or nonpigmented

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14
Q

Merkel Cell

A
  • specialized touch receptor
  • modified keratinocyte in contact with nerve ending
  • epithelial in origin
  • difficult to tell apart from melanocytes
  • found in basal layer
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15
Q

Skin Glands

A
  • sebaceous glands (with hair follicles)
  • apocrine = empty into hair follicles
  • merocrine = found on hairy or non-hairy skin, but do not empty into hair follicles
  • special glands (species dependent)
  • mammary glands
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16
Q

Examples of special glands

A

Sheep
-infraorbital, inguinal, and interdigital glands

Goat
-glands near horn

Cats
-submental (below chin) organ and circumoral glands

Dogs and Cats
-supracaudal glands

Dog, Cat, Ferret, and Skunk
-glands of the anal region

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17
Q

Hair Follicle

A
  • continuous with the epidermis of the surface of the skin

- has several layers

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18
Q

Shaft of the hair

A
  • protrudes from surface
  • has cuticle, cortex, and medulla
  • cortex is hard keratin
  • medulla is only found in thick hair and is the light center of hair
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19
Q

Root of the hair

A
  • embedded in follicle
  • has cuticle, cortex, and medulla (+/-)
  • bulb = expanded end of root; surrounds a dermal papilla
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20
Q

Follicle layers

A
  • hair
  • inner root sheath
  • outer root sheath
  • connective tissue sheath
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21
Q

location of the Cuticle?

A

between hair and inner root sheath

22
Q

Inner Root Sheath

A

doesn’t extend superficially beyond opening of sebaceous glands

23
Q

Outer Root Sheath

A

contiunous with the skin surface

24
Q

Location of basement membrane for hair?

A

between outer root sheath and connective tissue sheath

25
Q

How hair grows

A
  • dividing cells in bulb cover surface of dermal papilla

- new cells “push” hair upward as they form

26
Q

During hair growth, what cells become what?

A
  • cells at tip of papilla = form medulla (if present)
  • cells covering sides of papilla = form cortex
  • cells at reflection of cells at base of papilla = form cuticles and inner root sheath
27
Q

Type of Hair

A
  • guard (principle) hairs
  • wool (secondary) hairs
  • sensory hairs (tactile or sinus; vibrissae)
28
Q

Sensory hairs

A
  • tactile or sinus
  • AKA vibrissae
  • contain venous sinuses in connective tissue sheath around hair root
  • nerve endings are in the connective tissue
  • these hairs are sensitive to movement of the hair
29
Q

The venous sinus in a tactile hair divides which layer of the folllicle into two layers?

A

connective tissue sheath

30
Q

What is hoof tissue composed of?

A

tubular and intertubular horn

“like rods in concrete”

31
Q

How does hoof tissue receive its nutrition?

A
  • from underlying connective tissue

- really it’s the dermis, but often called “corium” in case of hoof

32
Q

Hoof wall

A
  • main part of hoof
  • coronet = junction of wall with skin
  • periople = cuticle-like covering over hoof wall
33
Q

Sole of hoof

A
  • bottom flat surface of hoof

- white line: junction of wall and sole

34
Q

Frog of hoof

A

wedge of tissue in center of ground surface

35
Q

Hoof (epidermis) and corium (dermis)

A
  • stratum basale of epidermis tightly covers the surface of the corium
  • projections of corium (laminae and papillae) are templates for dividing hoof cells that cover them
  • hoof’s blood and nerve supply is in the corium
36
Q

What is laminitis?

A

inflammation of sensitive layers of tissue (laminae) inside the hoof in horses and other animals

37
Q

Laminae

A
  • found in both the hoof and the corium
  • primary structures for adherence of hoof wall to foot
  • hoof and corium laminae interdigitate with each other
  • increases surface area for adhesion of hoof to foot
  • two divisions: primary and secondary (only one division of laminae in cows)
38
Q

Primary Epidermal Laminae of the hoof

A
  • composed of non-pigmented keratinized cells
  • connected to inner surface of stratum medium
  • secondary laminae attached to them
39
Q

Secondary Epidermal Laminae of the hoof

A
  • only in equids
  • composed of stratum basale and stratum spinosum
  • each primary lamina contains 100-200 secondary laminae
40
Q

Papillae of the hoof

A
  • templates for hoof wall, sole, and frog

- cause epidermis dividing over them to form tubules and intertubular horn, which project downward to form hoof wall

41
Q

Hoof Wall Layers

A
  • stratum externum (tectorium)
  • stratum medium
  • stratum internum (lamellatum)
42
Q 
Stratum externum
(tectorium)
A
  • layer of hoof wall
  • periople = thin waxy outer layer of hoof
  • very thin and cuticle-like
43
Q

Stratum medium

A
  • bulk of hoof wall

- grows from cell division of the epidermis in the coronary region

44
Q 
Stratum internum
(lamellatum)
A
  • epidermal laminae form this layer

- interdigitate with laminae of corium

45
Q

Growth of Hoof Wall

A
  • division occurs in stratum basale where it covers the corium of coronary band
  • forms tubular and intertubular horn
  • keratinized cells move downward with growing hoof wall
  • sole and frog grow similarly
46
Q

Rate of hoof growth

A
  • 1/4 to 1/2 inch per month

- Defects at the coronary region take 8-12 months to grow out completely and reach ground surface

47
Q

Separation of hoof wall from third phalanx, as often occurs in laminitis, is usually due to loss of normal function of what?

A

laminae

48
Q

Claws

A
  • claws (and human nails) very similar to hoof

- most claws and nails have no secondary laminae

49
Q

Bovine horn

A
  • similar to hoof, except no laminae

- epikeras = a thin layer of skin covering the junction between the base of a horn and the surrounding skin

50
Q

Rhino horn

A
  • essentially like horse hoof

- grows directly from skin w/o bony base

51
Q

Antlers

A
  • bone covered by skin (“velvet”)

- entire structure shed annually

Microanatomy 1 (13 decks)

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