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Microanatomy 1 > Digestive System V > Flashcards

Digestive System V Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical position of pancreas? (Approx., not exact terms)

A

adjacent to duodenum

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2
Q

Where are pancreatic juice and bile excreted to?

A

duodenum

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3
Q

Functions of pancreas

A

both exocrine and endocrine functions

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4
Q

What cells are responsible for exocrine function?

What do they release?

A

Acinar cells

  • Proteases
  • Trypsinogen
  • Chymotrypsinogen
  • Lipase
  • Amylase
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5
Q

Function of Islet of Lungerhans?

A

Endocrine function

Alpha cells = glucagon
Beta cells = insulin
Delta cells = somatostatin

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6
Q

Two types of parenchyma cells?

A
  • hepatocytes

- phagocytotic Kupffer cells

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7
Q

Functional liver unit?

A

lobes

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8
Q

Hepatocytes are arranged as plates separated by blood channels. What are the blood channels?

A

sinusoids

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9
Q

Can the liver regenerate?

A

Liver is very regenerative

2/3 can be surgically removed

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10
Q

Functions of the liver?

A
  • fat metabolism
  • carbohydrate metabolism
  • protein metabolism
  • storage of glycogen, vitamins, and iron
  • detoxification of various drugs and toxins, such as alcohol
  • synthesis and secretion of bile
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11
Q

Structure of Pancreas

A
  • capsule

- septa = subdivide parenchyma into lobules

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12
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

increases blood glucose

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13
Q

What does insulin do?

A

cellular glucose uptake

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14
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

inhibit growth hormone secretion

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15
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Sensory nerve ending, pressure receptor

Pressure from stomach filled with food may be part of signaling for pancreas to produce its product

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16
Q

Diabetes Mellitus and the Pancreas

A
  • Most common endocrine disorder in the dog
  • d/t deficient production of insulin by beta cells of islets (Type I, insulin-dependent)
  • or d/t insulin receptor marfunction at target tissues (Type II, insulin-independent)
17
Q

Onset of diabetes?

A
  • usually at an age greater then 5 years

- 5x more likely in females, Samoyeds, and Dachshunds

18
Q

Clinical presentation of diabetes?

A
  • large amount of urine

- sudden weight loss with increased appetite

19
Q

Acute Pancreatitis

A
  • acute inflammation of pancreatic exocrine system
  • pancreatic digestive enzymes are released into local tissue d/t damage of pancreatic acinar cells
  • life-threatening = rare in humans, occasionally in dogs
  • sometimes in cats, cattle, and horses
20
Q

Clinical Presentation of Acute pancreatitis?

A
  • severe pain
  • vomiting
  • sudden weight loss
  • NO appetite
21
Q

Largest single gland in vertebrates?

A

liver

22
Q

Endocrine function of the liver?

A
  • angiotensinogen (angiotensin II precursor)
  • albumin
  • clotting factors
23
Q

Exocrine function of the liver?

A
  • bile
  • cholesterol
  • phospholipids
  • bile pigments
  • bile salts
24
Q

Fat metabolism of the liver?

A
  • oxidising triglycerides
  • synthesis of plasma lipoproteins
  • synthesis of cholesterol and phospholipid
25
Q

Carbohydrate metabolism of the liver?

A
  • converting carbohydrates and proteins into fatty acids and triglyceride
  • regulation of blood glucose concentration by glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis
26
Q

Protein metabolism of the liver?

A
  • synthesis of plasma proteins, including albumin and clotting factors
  • synthesis of non-essential amino acids
  • detoxification of metabolic waste products
27
Q

What is stored in the liver?

A
  • glycogen
  • vitamins
  • iron
28
Q

Intermediary metabolism of the liver?

A

detoxification of various drugs and toxins, such as alcohol

29
Q

Secretion of the Liver?

A

synthesis and secretion of bile

30
Q

In rats, up to 2/3 of the liver can be removed with complete regeneration. How is this possible/

A

The hepatocytes of the liver are capable of mitotic division

31
Q

Hepatocytes

A
  • contain many mitochondria
  • a lot of S.E.R.
  • have hundreds of metabolic processes that take place in them
32
Q

Kupffer Cells

A
  • phagocytic cells

- line sinusoids

33
Q

The hepatic artery brings what to the liver?

A

nutritional blood supply

34
Q

The portal vein brings what to the liver?

A

functional blood supply

35
Q

In the liver, does blood flow toward the central vein or toward the portal vein?

A

central vein

36
Q

Gallbladder

A
  • stores and concentrates bile
  • absent in horse, deer, rat, and some birds = continuous secretion of the bile

-lined by simple columnar epithelium

37
Q

Liver Disease

A
  • difficult to diagnose
  • signs not evident until much of the liver is damaged b/c of large reserve
  • B/c liver’s functional comples, variety of signs can be present, but may look like malfunctions of other organs
38
Q

Clinical presentation of liver disease

A
  • icterus (jaundice)
  • ascites
  • lower serum albumin
  • photosensitization
  • behavioral changes from lethargy to stupor or coma
  • tremors
  • agitation
  • hemorrhage d/t clotting defects

Microanatomy 1 (13 decks)

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