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Anatomy & Physiology > Lymphatic GPT - (22-5 - 22-9) > Flashcards

Lymphatic GPT - (22-5 - 22-9) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of cell-mediated adaptive immunity?

A

The primary function of cell-mediated adaptive immunity is to activate T cells in response to presented antigens, leading to the production of cytotoxic and helper T cells.

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2
Q

Describe the activation and clonal selection of T cells.

A

T cells recognize antigens when presented by antigen-presenting cells like macrophages. Activation involves antigen binding, costimulation, and clonal selection.

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3
Q

Which cells are responsible for presenting antigens in the immune response?

A

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are responsible for presenting antigens in the immune response. These include macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes.

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4
Q

What is the role of MHC proteins in antigen presentation?

A

MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) proteins play a crucial role in antigen presentation. They bind to antigens and present them on the cell surface.

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5
Q

Where are the genes controlling glycoprotein synthesis found?

A

Genes controlling glycoprotein synthesis are found on chromosome 6, governing the structure of MHC proteins.

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6
Q

What are the two major classes of MHC proteins?

A

There are two major classes of MHC proteins: Class I and Class II.

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7
Q

Where are Class I MHC proteins found in the body?

A

Class I MHC proteins are found in the plasma membranes of all nucleated cells in the body.

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8
Q

How do Class I MHC proteins pick up peptides for presentation?

A

Class I MHC proteins pick up peptides from the cell cytoplasm and transport them to the cell surface via vesicles.

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9
Q

What is the consequence of T cell activation in response to abnormal peptides?

A

T cell activation in response to abnormal peptides results in the destruction of abnormal cells, ensuring the elimination of threats.

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10
Q

What types of cells express Class II MHC proteins, and where are they found?

A

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) express Class II MHC proteins, and they are found in various tissues, including dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.

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11
Q

What is antigen processing, and how does it relate to class II MHC proteins?

A

Antigen processing involves engulfing and breaking down pathogens or foreign antigens, creating antigen fragments bound to Class II MHC proteins for presentation.

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12
Q

How do T cells recognize specific antigens?

A

T cells recognize specific antigens through receptors that bind to MHC proteins, specifically matching the antigen.

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13
Q

What are CD markers, and what is their role in the immune response?

A

CD markers are membrane proteins that detect antigens and play a role in immune cell activation.

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14
Q

What are the functions of the CD3 receptor complex in T cells?

A

The CD3 receptor complex in T cells activates the T cell when a specific antigen is present on the MHC protein.

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15
Q

Which CD marker is found in cytotoxic T cells and regulatory T cells?

A

CD8 is found in cytotoxic T cells and regulatory T cells, responding to antigens presented by Class I MHC proteins.

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16
Q

Where is CD4 found, and which antigens does it respond to?

A

CD4 is found in helper T cells and responds to antigens presented by Class II MHC proteins.

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17
Q

What is costimulation in the context of the immune response?

A

Costimulation is a requirement for T cell activation, where T cells must bind to a stimulating cell at a second site before proceeding.

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18
Q

What is the safety check that costimulation ensures before T cell activation?

A

Costimulation is a safety check that ensures the T cell only attacks cells that are actively phagocytic and infected.

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19
Q

What are the functions of activated CD8 T cells?

A

Activated CD8 T cells have the functions of destroying infected cells.

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20
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells contribute to immune surveillance?

A

Cytotoxic T cells contribute to immune surveillance by constantly monitoring immune cells and destroying infected cells.

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21
Q

Describe the mechanisms by which cytotoxic T cells destroy target cells.

A

Cytotoxic T cells destroy target cells through various mechanisms, including releasing perforins, secreting cytokines, and lymphotoxin.

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22
Q

What are memory T cells, and when do they activate?

A

Memory T cells are produced during cell division and only activate when the same antigen appears a second time.

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23
Q

What is the role of regulatory T cells in immune response moderation?

A

Regulatory T cells moderate the response of other T cells and B cells by secreting inhibitory cytokines called suppression factors.

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24
Q

What are the functions of activated CD4 T cells?

A

Activated CD4 T cells include helper T cells that play essential roles in the immune response.

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25
Q

What are helper T cells with CD4 markers, and how do they differentiate?

A

Helper T cells with CD4 markers differentiate into active helper T cells and memory T cells upon activation.

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26
Q

What are cytokines, and how do they affect the immune response?

A

Cytokines are signaling molecules that affect cells and tissues throughout the body in the immune response.

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27
Q

What are interleukins, and what functions do they serve in immunity?

A

Interleukins serve various functions, including increasing T cell sensitivity to antigens, stimulating B cell activity, and enhancing innate immunity.

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28
Q

How do cytokines produced by helper T cells impact the immune system?

A

Cytokines produced by Helper T cells stimulate T cell divisions, attract macrophages, cytotoxic T cells, and promote B cell activation.

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29
Q

What is the role of antibodies in antibody-mediated adaptive immunity?

A

Antibody-mediated adaptive immunity involves sensitized B cells responding to antigens by producing specific antibodies.

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30
Q

How do B cells become sensitized and activated?

A

B cells become sensitized and activated when they bind to antigens corresponding to their specific antibody molecules.

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31
Q

What are memory B cells, and when do they differentiate?

A

Memory B cells differentiate when they encounter the same antigen a second time.

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32
Q

Explain the production of plasma cells, antibodies, and memory B cells.

A

Activated B cells produce daughter cells that differentiate into plasma cells (secreting antibodies) and memory B cells.

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33
Q

How are antibodies structured, and what are the classes of antibodies?

A

Antibodies are structured as Y-shaped molecules with heavy and light chains, with constant and variable segments.

34
Q

What are constant segments and variable segments in antibody structure?

A

Constant segments of heavy chains form the base of the antibody molecule, while variable segments determine specificity.

35
Q

What determines the specificity of antibody molecules?

A

The specificity of antibody molecules is determined by the shape of the antigen-binding sites on the variable segments.

36
Q

What is the antigen-antibody complex, and how does it form?

A

The antigen-antibody complex forms when an antibody binds to its corresponding antigen through weak chemical forces.

37
Q

What is the role of antigenic determinant sites in antibody binding?

A

Antigenic determinant sites or epitopes determine if antigens can bind to the antibody’s antigen-binding sites.

38
Q

What is a complete antigen, and how does it differ from a partial antigen?

A

A complete antigen has multiple antigenic determinant sites, while a partial antigen typically does not.

39
Q

How do antibodies eliminate antigens through neutralization?

A

Antibodies eliminate antigens through neutralization by binding to specific sites required for cell entry.

40
Q

Describe the processes of precipitation and agglutination in immune responses.

A

Precipitation and agglutination are processes where antibodies bind to multiple antigens, leading to the formation of immune complexes.

41
Q

What is the complement system, and how does it relate to antibodies?

A

The complement system is activated when antibodies change shape upon binding to antigens, leading to complement protein activation.

42
Q

How do antibodies attract phagocytes and enhance phagocytosis?

A

Antibodies attract phagocytes, enhancing the process of phagocytosis.

43
Q

What is opsonization, and how does it facilitate phagocytosis?

A

Opsonization is the coating of antigens with antibodies and complement proteins to facilitate phagocytosis.

44
Q

How do antibodies stimulate inflammation?

A

Antibodies stimulate inflammation by activating mast cells and basophils.

45
Q

What is the purpose of preventing bacterial and viral adhesion with antibodies?

A

Antibodies prevent bacterial and viral adhesion by coating epithelial surfaces, acting as a defense layer.

46
Q

What distinguishes a primary immune response from a secondary one?

A

A primary immune response is the initial reaction to an antigen, while a secondary response occurs upon subsequent exposures and is more rapid and robust.

47
Q

What is an antibody titer, and when does it peak in the primary response?

A

An antibody titer is the level of antibodies in the plasma, and it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after antigen exposure in the primary response.

48
Q

What cells produce immunoglobulin proteins in the primary response?

A

Plasma cells are the primary producers of immunoglobulin proteins in the primary response.

49
Q

When do memory B cells differentiate, and how does the secondary response differ?

A

Memory B cells differentiate when they encounter the same antigen again, resulting in a more rapid and effective secondary response.

50
Q

How does the second response to an antigen relate to immunization for disease prevention?

A

The second response to an antigen relates to immunization, as it simulates the immune system’s response to a subsequent encounter with the same antigen.

51
Q

At what stage of fetal development can cell-mediated immunity be demonstrated?

A

Cell-mediated immunity can be demonstrated as early as the third month of fetal development.

52
Q

When does active antibody-mediated immunity typically follow in fetal development?

A

Active antibody-mediated immunity typically follows around one month later in fetal development.

53
Q

Where do the first cells leaving the fetal thymus migrate to?

A

The first cells leaving the fetal thymus migrate to the skin and into the epithelia lining the mouth, the digestive tract, and, in females, the uterus and vagina.

54
Q

What is natural immunity, and how is it provided to the fetus?

A

Natural immunity is provided to the fetus through maternal IgG, which crosses the placenta.

55
Q

Why might maternal IgG not provide adequate protection to a fetus?

A

Maternal IgG may not provide adequate protection to a fetus if the female is overwhelmed by a pathogen, as IgG levels may be insufficient.

56
Q

What happens to maternal IgG levels in an infant’s bloodstream in the first two months of life?

A

Maternal IgG levels in an infant’s bloodstream decline rapidly over the first two months of the infant’s life.

57
Q

What is the vulnerability of an infant during the period of declining maternal IgG levels?

A

During this period of declining maternal IgG levels, the infant is vulnerable to infection.

58
Q

What is the purpose of a skin test, and how is it performed?

A

A skin test is performed to determine if someone has a specific antigen. Small quantities of antigen are injected into the skin, and the region becomes inflamed as a reaction.

59
Q

How does interleukin-1 influence the immune response concerning stress?

A

Interleukin-1 stimulates the production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, which then prompts the secretion of glucocorticoids.

60
Q

What are glucocorticoids, and how do they affect the immune response during stress?

A

Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that can inhibit the immune response during stress.

61
Q

List the effects of glucocorticoids on various aspects of the immune system.

A

The effects of glucocorticoids include the depression of inflammation, reduction in the abundance and activity of phagocytes in peripheral tissues, interference with antigen processing and presentation, and the inhibition of interleukin secretion.

62
Q

What is an autoimmune disorder, and how does it affect the immune system?

A

An autoimmune disorder occurs when the immune system responds inappropriately to normal body cells, resulting in the production of autoantibodies.

63
Q

What is immunodeficiency, and what are its consequences in the immune system?

A

Immunodeficiency is a condition in which the immune response is blocked or fails to develop, making the individual more susceptible to infections.

64
Q

What are allergens, and what types of immune responses do they trigger?

A

Allergens are antigens that trigger excessive immune responses, leading to hypersensitivities. These can include pollen, dust mites, and certain foods.

65
Q

Name the four types of hypersensitivities, and provide an example of each.

A

The four types of hypersensitivities are immediate hypersensitivity, cytotoxic reactions, immune complex disorders, and delayed hypersensitivity. An example of immediate hypersensitivity is an allergic reaction to bee stings.

66
Q

What is anaphylaxis, and how does it relate to allergic reactions?

A

Anaphylaxis is a severe and rapid allergic response that can result in anaphylactic shock, leading to extensive peripheral vasodilation and potentially life-threatening symptoms.

67
Q

What are autoantibodies, and how do they contribute to autoimmune disorders?

A

Autoantibodies are antibodies produced by B cells against the body’s own cells, tissues, or organs. They contribute to autoimmune disorders.

68
Q

What is the primary cause of immunodeficiency diseases?

A

Immunodeficiency diseases can result from problems with embryonic development of lymphoid organs and tissues, infection with immunosuppressive viruses, or exposure to immunosuppressive agents like radiation or drugs.

69
Q

How does severe combined immunodeficiency disease differ from other immunodeficiencies?

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) is a rare genetic disorder where individuals cannot develop either cell-mediated or antibody-mediated immunity from birth.

70
Q

What are the effects of immunosuppressive drugs on the immune system?

A

Immunosuppressive drugs, such as chemotherapy or corticosteroids, destroy stem cells and lymphocytes, inhibiting the immune response.

71
Q

How does the immune system change with age, according to the provided notes?

A

The immune system diminishes as people age, leading to reduced immune responses and increased susceptibility to diseases.

72
Q

What happens to T cells as individuals age?

A

T cells become less responsive to antigens with age, reducing the effectiveness of the cell-mediated immune response.

73
Q

How do the nervous and endocrine systems influence the immune response?

A

The nervous and endocrine systems can influence the immune response by regulating the release of hormones and signaling molecules that affect immune function.

74
Q

What is the concept of immunocompetence?

A

Immunocompetence refers to the ability of the immune system to mount an effective response to pathogens.

75
Q

How does the immune system’s response change as a person ages?

A

As a person ages, the immune response becomes less efficient, leading to slower and weaker reactions to infections.

76
Q

What are the primary components of the immune system that decline with age?

A

Components of the immune system that decline with age include T cells, B cells, and the production of antibodies.

77
Q

What is the role of T cells in immunocompetence and aging?

A

T cells play a crucial role in immunocompetence and aging, as they are key players in cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity.

78
Q

How can the immune response be influenced by the nervous system?

A

The nervous system can influence the immune response through the release of stress hormones and neurotransmitters that impact immune cell function.

79
Q

How does the endocrine system impact the immune response?

A

The endocrine system can affect the immune response by releasing hormones that modulate immune activity, such as glucocorticoids during stress.

80
Q

What is the relationship between stress and the immune response, as mentioned in the notes?

A

Stress can inhibit the immune response by promoting long-term secretion of glucocorticoids, which impairs immune function and lowers resistance to diseases.

Anatomy & Physiology (24 decks)

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