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Anatomy 4 > Lymph > Flashcards

Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

what does the lymphatic system do?

A

-carries out the immune response through lymphatic vessels and COLLECT lymph from the bldy’s interstitual spaces, FILTERS the fluid through nodes and RETURNS it to the bloodstream

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2
Q

when does interstitual fluid change its name to lymph?

A

-when interstitual fluid leaves the interstitual spaces and enter the lymphatic vessels

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3
Q

what color is lymph usually?

A
  • transparent
  • watery
  • slightly yellow
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4
Q

what are lacteals?

A

-specialized lymphatic capillaries

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5
Q

what is the lymph in lacteals called? what color is it?

A
  • chyle

- creamy-white due to the the fat absorption

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6
Q

what do lacteals do? where do they occur

A
  • occur in fingerlike projections of the small intestinal lining
  • absorbs lipids in the intestinal tract
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7
Q

what are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. drain excess interstitual fluid from tissue spaces
  2. transports dietary lipids from the GI tract to the blood
  3. protects against invasion through the immune responses
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8
Q

Besides lymph, the lymphatic system consist of?

A
  • lacteals
  • lymph vessels
  • lymphocytes
  • thymus and spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • lymphoid nodules
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9
Q

what do lymph vessels begin as?

A
  • closed ended vessels called LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES

- in spaces between tissue cells

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10
Q

where do lymphatic vessels in the viscera lie?**

A

-alongside arteries

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11
Q

where do lymphatic vessels in the subcutaneous tissue lie?***

A

-alongside veins

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12
Q

what areas are the lymphatic vessels absent from?***

A
  • CNS
  • bone marrow
  • teeth
  • avascular tissues (cornea, epidermis, hyaline cartilage)
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13
Q

what are the 3 similarities lymphatic vessels have to veins?

A
  1. valves are present to prevent backflow
  2. same 3 tunics(externa, media, interna)
  3. they receive nutrients from the vasa vasorum
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14
Q

what are some differences between lymphatic vessels and veins?

A
  1. lymphatic vessels are closed ended
  2. lymph vessels have larger diameter
  3. lymph vessels have thinner tunics
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15
Q

why do endothelial cells for the walls of lymph capillaries overlap?

A

-to keep lymph inside

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16
Q

what are anchoring filaments? what is their purpose?***

A
  • collagenous-fibers extending from endothelial cells of lymph capillaries into surrounding space
  • when interstitual fluid build up outside the vessels, the anchoring filaments open to let in fluid and lower pressure
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17
Q

when does lymph change its name to blood plasma?

A

when it goes into the subclavian vein

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18
Q

what is the flow pattern of lymph?

A
  1. interstitual spaces
  2. lymph capillaries
  3. lymph vessels
  4. lymph trunks
  5. lymph ducts
  6. subclavian veins
  7. arteries
  8. blood capillaries
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19
Q

how many lymph trunks are there? name them and say which are paired

A
  • 9
  • 2 Jugular
  • 2 Lumbar
  • 2 Subclavian
  • 2 bronchomediastinal
  • 1 intestinal trunk
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20
Q

what is the left lymphatic duct also called?

A

-throacic duct

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21
Q

what are the two channels the lymph trunks pass their lymph into?

A

-right and left lymphatic ducts

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22
Q

which throacic duct has the longer path?

A

-thoracic(left)

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23
Q

where does the thoracic duct begin?

A

-cisterna chyli

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24
Q

what joins to make the cisterna chyli?

A
  • intestinal trunk
  • right lumbar trunk
  • left lumbar trunk
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25
Q

where do the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct drain into?

A
  • left and right subclavian veins

- at their junctions with internal jugular veins

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26
Q

where doe the right lymphatic duct receive lymph from?

A
  • upper right side of body
  • right upper limb
  • right region of the chest’
  • right region of head and neck
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27
Q

what are the three ways the flow of lymph is maintained?

A
  1. contraction of skeletal muscles
  2. one-way valves
  3. Respiratory pump
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28
Q

how does the contraction of skeletal muscles impact the flow of lymph?

A

contraction: pushes lymph upward
Relax: lymph chills

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29
Q

how does the respiratory pump impact the flow of lymph?

A

-when you breathe, there is pressure so lymph goes into the chest cavity to release pressure

30
Q

what are the primary lymphatic structures?

A
  • red bone marrow

- thymus gland

31
Q

why are primary lymphatic structures called that?

A

-they PRODUCE T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells to carry out immune response

32
Q

what are the secondary lymphatic structures?

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • lymphatic nodules
33
Q

where do most immune responses occue?

A

in the SECONDARY lymphatic structures

34
Q

what is the thymus and where is it located?

A
  • 2-lobed gland

- lies between the sternum and base of the heart in the superior and anterior mediastinum

35
Q

at what age does the thymus reach its max?

A

10-12

36
Q

what is the significance of the thymus atrophy?

A

-it hits prime size(40g) at a young age, so younger kids are better at fighting off infection.

37
Q

does the thymus have a filtering function? why?

A
  • nope

- no afferent lymphatic vessels

38
Q

do lymph nodes have a filtering function? why?

A
  • yep

- afferent lymphatic vessels

39
Q

the thymus and the spleen are both surrounded by what?

A

-capsule of dense fibrous connective tissue

40
Q

what divides the lobes of the spleen and thymus into smaller lobes?

A

-septa/trebeculae

41
Q

what is the function of the thymus?

A

-promote the MATURATION of T-cells

42
Q

where are T-cells made?

A

red bone marrow

43
Q

what does the cortex of the thymus do?

A
  • get T-cells that migrated from red bone marrow

- multiply them and develop them into mature T-cells

44
Q

what does the medulla of the thymus do?

A
  • mature T-cells migrate to medulla from cortex

- T-cells leave via medullary blood vessels

45
Q

what hormone does the thymus secrete? what does it do?

A
  • thymosin

- promote maturation of T-cells

46
Q

does the spleen have a filtering function?

A
  • nope

- no afferent lymph vessles

47
Q

what passes through the hilum of the spleen?

A

-splenic blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

48
Q

what are the two areas of the spleen?

A
  • white pulp

- red pulp

49
Q

what is in the white pulp of the spleen?

A

-B-cells around central arteries

50
Q

what are splenic/Billroth’s cords?

A

-full of T-cells, B-cells, macrophages, etc

51
Q

what is in the red pulp area of the spleen? what does this area do?

A
  • venous sinuses and splenic cords
  • phagocytosis of bacteria
  • blood reservoir for blood platelets
52
Q

what is the function of the white pulp?

A

-site for B-cell proliferation into plasma cells

53
Q

where are lymph nodes heavily concentrated?

A
  • inguinal
  • axillary
  • mammary glands
54
Q

what is the structure of the lymph nodes??

A
  • surrounded by capsule
  • have trabeculae/septa
  • have cortex and medulla
55
Q

what does the cortex of the lymph nodes have?

A
  • densely packed T-cells and immature B-cells

- germinal centers

56
Q

what does the medulla of the lymph nodes have?

A

-mature B-cells

57
Q

what are germinal centers?

A

-contain masses of actively proliferating lymphocytes

58
Q

what are medullary cords?

A
  • inner extension from cortex to hilum of lymph nodes

- have B,T cells and macrophages

59
Q

what are afferent lymphatic vessels?

A
  • carry lymph from tissue to the lymph node

- enter convex side of node

60
Q

what are efferent lymphatic vessels?

A

-carry lymph from hilum (concave side of node) to venous circulation

61
Q

why are there fewer efferent lymphatic vessels than afferent lymphatic vessels?

A
  • afferent lets a ton of shit in

- less efferent means the lymph has to stay in the node longer for a more thorough clean

62
Q

what is the lymph path in the lymph node?

A
  1. lymph enters through afferent
  2. from subcapsular sinus
  3. through cortex via cortical sinuses
  4. through medulla via medullary cords
  5. into hilum
  6. exit by efferent
63
Q

how do macrophages destroy foreign substances?

A

phagocytosis

64
Q

how do lymphocytes destroy foreign substances?

A

-immune response

65
Q

what are lymphatic nodules?

A

clusters of lymphocytes that stand guard mucous membranes to protect

  • referred to as MALT
  • NOT surrounded by a capsule
66
Q

what are peyers patches?

A
  • lymph nodules
  • in ileum of small intestine
  • contain macrophages
67
Q

where are tonsils?

A
  • create a ring of lymph tissue around the entrance of the pharynx
  • function to remove pathogens from entering pharynx
68
Q

where is the pharyngeal tonsil/ adenoid tonsil?

A

-embedded in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx

69
Q

where are the two palatine tonsils?

A

-lie in the posterior region of the oral cavity

70
Q

where are the two lingual tonsils?

A

-located at the base of the tongue

71
Q

where are the lymph nodules of the appendix located?

A
  • lamina propria of mucosa

- a little bit in submucosa

Anatomy 4 (7 decks)

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