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Anatomy 4 > Endocrine glad > Flashcards

Endocrine glad Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine gland

A

a ductless gland whose secretion is released directly into the bloodstrea,

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2
Q

Exocrine gland

A
  • a gland whose secretion is drained by ducts onto the body surface or into a body cavity
  • ducted glands
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3
Q

hormones

A
  • substances produced in one part of the body and transported to another part of the body where they affect chemical actions or the secretion of other hormones
  • chemical messenger
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4
Q

describe the process of how hormones effect homeostasis

A
  • nerve impulses cause muscles to contract and glands to secrete
  • secretions effect the nervous system
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5
Q

what are target cells?

A
  • target cells have receptors within their cell membranes that bind to a given hormone
  • hormones only effect specific target cells
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6
Q

what are circulating hormones?

A
  • hormones that enter the bloodstream to reach distant target cells
  • may remain in the blood for a few hours
  • eventually inactivated by the liver and excreted by the kidneys
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7
Q

what are local hormones?

A
  • hormones that do not enter the blood stream to reach target cells
  • inctivated QUICKLY by enzymes in interstitual fluid that surrounds cells
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8
Q

what is paracrine? example?

A
  • local hormone acting on NEIGHBORING CELLS

- example: histamine

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9
Q

what is autocrine? example?

A
  • local hormone acting on THE SAME CELL that secreted it

- example: interleukin-2

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10
Q

what is the permissive effect?

A

the effect of one hormone on a target cell requires previous or simultaneous exposure to another hormone to enhance the target cell response or increase activity of another hormone

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11
Q

what is the synergistic effect?

A

the sum effects of two or more hormones acting together is greater or more extensive than or each hormone acting alone

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12
Q

what is the antagonistic effect?

A

the effect of one hormone on a target cell is opposed by another hormone

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13
Q

what is a negative feedback system?

A

a corrective mechanism that opposes a variation from normal limits thus minimizing change
-maintain homeostasis

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14
Q

what is humoral stimuli?

A

changing levels of ions and nutrients in the blood stream

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15
Q

what is hormonal stimuli?

A

the release of other hormones

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16
Q

what is neural stimuli?

A

signals from the nervous system

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17
Q

what is considered to be the master endocrine gland?

A

-pituitary gland

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18
Q

together the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus regulate…

A

practically all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis

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19
Q

where is the hypothalamus located?

A

inferior to the two lobes of the thalamus

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20
Q

where is the pituitary gland located?

A

sits in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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21
Q

what does the infundibulum connect?

A

-attaches the pituitary to the superiorly located hypothalamus

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22
Q

what stimulates the release of hormones from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland? what inhibits it?

A

stimulates: releasing hormone (RH) from the hypothalamus
Inhibits: inhibiting hormone (IH) from the hypothalamus

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23
Q

what are the five types of cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A
  1. somatotrophs
  2. thyrotrophs
  3. gonadotrophs
  4. lactotrophs
  5. corticotrophs
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24
Q

what do somatotrophs produce and what do they do?

A

-produce HGH (human growth hormone) to stimulate body growth and regulate metabolism

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25
Q

what do thyrotrophs secrete and what do they do?

A

-secrete thyroiod-stimulating hormone (TSH) which controls secretions and other activites of the thyroid gland

26
Q

what do gonadotrophs produce?

A
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • stimulate secretion of estrogen and progesterone
  • maturation of oocytes and secretion of testosterone
27
Q

what do lactotrophs produce?

A

-prolactin (PRL) to initiate the production of milk

28
Q

what do corticotrophs produce?

A
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): stimulates the cortex of the adrenal glands to secrete glucocorticoids
  • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): affects skin pigment
29
Q

which lobe of the pituitary gland produces hormones and which one stores and releases them?

A
  • anterior produces

- posterior stores and releases it

30
Q

what hormones does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland store and release that are made by the hypothalamus?

A
  • oxytocin (OT): contraction of the uterus and release milk
  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): decreases water loss by the kidney

-they are synthesized by nerosecretory cells in the hypothalamus

31
Q

where is the thyroid gland located?

A
  • lobes on either side of the trachea

- isthmus lies anterior to the trachea

32
Q

The thyroid gland consists of what?

A

Thyroid follicles

33
Q

What are the two types of cells thyroid follicles consist of?

A
  • follicular cells: secrete T3and T4

- parafollicular cells/c cells: produce calcitonin

34
Q

What are “the” thyroid hormones?

A

T3 and T4

35
Q

Does the thyroid gland store its secretory products?

A

Yep

-enough for 100 days

36
Q

What are the functions of T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)?

A
  • PRIMARY IMPORTANCE: increase basal metabolic rate to maintain normal body temperature
  • increase triglyceride breakdown and enhance cholesterol elimination in bile (lower cholesterol)
  • increase nervous tissue growth
  • lower calcium in blood
37
Q

What are the parathyroid glands and where are they located?

A
  • 2 pairs of small, oval shaped glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
  • a superior and inferior gland on each thyroid gland lobe
38
Q

What are the two cells parathyroid glands consist of? What do they produce?

A
  • principal/chief cells: produce parathyroid hormone (PTH to raise the level of calcium in blood
  • oxyphil cells: unknown function
39
Q

What is the general structure of the adrenal glands?

A
  • covering of connective tissue: capsule
  • adrenal cortex
  • innermost medulla
40
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
41
Q

what does the zona glomerulus do?

A

control water and electrolyte balance

42
Q

what does the zona fasciculata do?

A
  • increase fat and protein breakdown
  • synthesize glucose
  • resistance to stress
  • anti inflammatory
43
Q

what does the zona reticularis do?

A

produce male sex hormones in small amounts

-pretty insignificant

44
Q

what cells does the adrenal medulla consist of? what do they do?

A

Chromaffin cells: secrete epi and norepi (catecholamines) for fight or flight response

45
Q

where is the pineal gland located? what kind of cells does it contain and what do they secrete?

A
  • inferior to the posterior portion of the brain’s corpus callosum
  • Pinealocytes: secrete melatonin
46
Q

what is melatonin?

A
  • antioxidant protecting the CNS from free radical damage

- maintains circadian rhythms (day night cycle)

47
Q

where is the pancreas located? what are the parts of the pancreas?

A
  • across the posterior abdominal wall from the duodenum to the spleen, posterior to the stomach
  • head, neck, body, and tail
48
Q

what is the difference between the exocrine and endocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine: produce digestivev enzymes
Endocrine: produce hormones to raise and lower blood glucose levels

49
Q

what are the exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes in the pancreas?

A

acini (acinar cells)

50
Q

what endocrine tissue is scattered around the acini in the pancreas?

A

islets of langerhans

51
Q

what are the 4 types of cells in each islet of langerhans?

A
  1. alpha cells
  2. Beta cells
  3. Delta cells
  4. F cells
52
Q

what do alpha cells do?

A

produce glucagon to raise blood glucose levels

53
Q

what do beta cells do?

A

produce insulin to lower blood glucose levels

54
Q

what do delta cells do?

A

-inhibit growth hormone

55
Q

what do F cells do?

A

-inhibit gallbladder contraction

56
Q

Alpha and Beta cells controlling blood glucose levels are an example of what?

A

negative feedback system

57
Q

what is the function of the ovaries?

A
  • produce reproductive cell/ovum
  • produce estrogen: regulate development of female sex organs and sex characteristics
  • produce progesterone: prepares uterus for pregnancy
58
Q

the ovaries and the testes are said to be

A

homologous

59
Q

septa form a dense fibrous capsule that divides each testis into what?

A

lobules! each lobule contains seminiferous tubules that produce sperm

60
Q

in addition to sperm, what do the testes produce? function?

A

testosterone!

  • responsible for normal growth and development of male reproductive organs
  • necessary for development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics

Anatomy 4 (7 decks)

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