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Anatomy 4 > Integumentary system > Flashcards

Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest organ of the body in terms of weight and volume?

A

skin, dumbass

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2
Q

what are the three types of glands

A
  • sebaceous
  • eccrine sweat
  • apocrine
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3
Q

what are the six functions of skin?

A
  1. protection from pathogens and UV light
  2. Prevention of dehydration
  3. Regulation of body temperature
  4. Sensation
  5. Immunological function of Langerhan cells
  6. Production of Vitamin D
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4
Q

what kind of epithelium is the epidermis?

A

maximally keratinized stratified squamous

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5
Q

the epidermis has five layers of what kind of cells?

A

Keratinocytes

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6
Q

what is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum Basale

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7
Q

what kind of cells make up the stratum basale?

A

-cuboidal or tall cuboidal cells

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8
Q

how many weeks does it take for kerotinocytes to finish their renewal cycle?

A

3-4 weeks

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9
Q

what are the two special types of cells, besides kerotinocytes, that are found in the stratum basale?

A
  • melanocytes

- merkel cells

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10
Q

what do melanocytes produce?

A

melanin granules

-insert them into keratinocytes

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11
Q

what kind of cells are merkel cells?

A
  • sensory receptor cells

- respond to CONTINUOUS TOUCH stimuli

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12
Q

what is the waterproof barrier layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum spinosum

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13
Q

what kind of cells are in the stratum spinosum?

A
  • polyhedral keratinocytes

- Langerhan cells

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14
Q

what are langerhan cells?

A

modified macrophages

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15
Q

plasma membrane of neighboring cells in the stratum spinosum are connected by what?

A

-desmosomes

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16
Q

what kind of cells are located in the stratum granulosum?

A

Keratinocytes

-flattened cells with Kerato-hyalin granules in their cytoplasm

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17
Q

is the stratum granulosum more prominent in thick or thin skin?

A

thick

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18
Q

what happens when cells are maximally keratinized?

A

death

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19
Q

what kind of skin is stratum lucidum found in?

A

thick skin only!

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20
Q

Tell me about the stratum lucidum

A
  • tightly condensed cells that lie beneath the stratum corneum
  • cells in the process of dying
  • once nucleus shrivels up, they become stratum corneum
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21
Q

what is the most superficial layer of epidermis?

A

stratum corneum

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22
Q

what kind of cells are in the stratun corneum?

A
  • flat cells COMPLETELY FILLED WITH KERATIN
  • CELLS HAVE NO NUCLEI OR ORGANELLES
  • cells are dead
  • on the surface, continuously shed
23
Q

what does the dermis contain?

A
  • blood vessels, nerves, and afferent sensory receptors
  • meissner corpuscles
  • free nerve endings
  • DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
24
Q

what does the hypodermis contain?

A
  • LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
  • adipose tissue
  • nerves
  • arteries
  • veins
25
where is thick skin located?
- palms of hands | - soles of feet
26
what layer is especially thick in thick skin?
stratum corneum
27
what kind of cells is the epidermis of thick skin? how does it get nutrients?
- stratified squamous | - gets nutrients by fluid diffusion from the dermis
28
thick skin has what kind of glands? what is thick skin lacking?
- has eccrine sweat glands | - lacks hair follicles
29
what are the two layers of the dermis of thick skin?
- papillary layer (superficial) | - Reticular layer (deep)
30
what kind of tissue is the papillary layer of the dermis of thick skin? reticular layer?
- papillary layer: loose connective tissue | - reticular layer: dense irregular connective tissue
31
what is the portion of the epidermis of the thick skin that projects down into the dermis?
epidermal rete ridge
32
what is the portion of the dermis of the thick skin that projects up into the epidermis?
dermal papilla
33
what is the significance of the overlapping projections of dermis and epidermis in thick skin?
-it increases surface area between the layers and prevents the two layers from detaching
34
what does the dermal papilla contain?
- loose connective tissue - capillaries - free nerve endings - encapsulated sensory receptors
35
where is thin skin located?
-the entire body, except palms of hands and soles of feet
36
what does thin skin lack and what does it contain?
- lacks lucidum | - contains hair follicles and sebaceous glands
37
what are meisners corpuscles?
- found in dermis - sensitive to fine touch - mainly found in thick skin
38
What are pacinian corpusces?
- found in hypodermis - sensitive to vibrations - found in both thick and thin skin - more prominent in thick skin
39
what are clear cells?
- melanocytes - merkel cells - langerhans cells - THEY ALL HAVE CLEAR CYTOPLASM
40
where are melanocytes and merkel cells found?
- stratum basale | - scattered around basal cuboidal cells
41
where are sebaceous glands found? what are they normally associated with?
- thin skin | - hair ollicles
42
what is sebum?
-oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands into a hair follicle
43
what kind of glands are sebaceous glands?
-simple branched acinar glands
44
what is the function of sebum?
- keeps skin from drying out | - protects hair
45
what kind of secretion do sebaceous glands release sebum?
-holocrine secretion
46
what kind of skin are eccrine sweat glands found?
- both thick and thin | - more numerous in thick
47
what do eccrine sweat glands secrete? and how are they arranged?
- sweat | - arranged into coiled tubules
48
what is the function of sweat?
- adjust body temperature | - aid in excretion of metabolic waste
49
what kind of cells are apocrine sweat glands?
simple coiled tubular glands
50
how do apocrine sweat glands differ from eccrine sweat glands?
- the apocrine glands lumens are larger | - the apocrine glands empty their ducts into superficial regions of the hair follicles
51
what kind of secretion do apocrine sweat glands secrete their substance?
- apocrine secretion | - release their product by shedding part of their apical cytoplasm
52
what are apocrine sweat glands also called?
-sexual scent glands
53
where are sexual scent glands found?
- axilla - areola - perianal and genital areas
54
are sexual scent gland secretions scented?
- nope | - odorless until they are attacked by bacteria

Anatomy 4 (7 decks)

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