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Anatomy 4 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of fluid is blood?

A

extracellular fluid

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2
Q

aside from blood, what is the other fluid that is outside of the cells?

A

-intracellular fluid/tissue fluid/ INTERSTITIAL FLUID and lymph

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3
Q

where does interstitial fluid circulate?

A

within microscopic spaces between tissue cells

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4
Q

what are the “normal physiological limits” called

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

how do blood and interstitial fluid exchange materials? why do they do this?

A
  • osmosis
  • diffusion
  • filtration
  • re absorption

-to maintain homeostasis

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6
Q

what are the three functions of blood?

A
  1. Transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and hormones
  2. Regulation of pH, body temp, water content of cells
  3. Protection against blood loss, foreign microbes, and toxins
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7
Q

what are some physical characteristics of blood?

A
  • more viscous than water
  • about 38 C/ 100 F
  • pH around 7.4
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8
Q

what are the two parts of blood?

A
  • blood plasma

- formed elements

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9
Q

what is blood plasma?

A

-straw colored fluid that remains after the formed elements are removed

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10
Q

what are the formed elements?

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
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11
Q

which cells make up most of the formed elements?

A

-red blood cells

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12
Q

for the total volume of blood, what percentage is formed elements and what percentage is plasma? white blood cells and platelets?

A

red blood cells-45%
plasma-55%
WBC/platelets- less than 1%

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13
Q

what is the buffy coat?

A

-thin layer of WBC and platelets that is between the red blood cells and the plasma

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14
Q

what is the composition of blood plasma?

A
  • 91% plasma

- 9% solutes

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15
Q

what solutes are found in plasma?

A
  • proteins
  • nutrients
  • vitamins
  • hormones
  • electrolytes
  • waste products
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16
Q

what are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

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17
Q

what are leukocytes?

A

white blood cells

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18
Q

what is hemopoiesis?

A

process of producing formed elements

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19
Q

where does hemopoiesis take place after birth?

A

-in red bone marrow found in EPIPHYSIS of long bones, flat bones, and cranial bones

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20
Q

what are hemopoietic stem cells and where are they found?

A
  • in red bone marrow

- they differentiate into the different formed elements

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21
Q

what shape are red blood cells?

A
  • biconcave

- thicker on the edges than in the middle

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22
Q

what makes up hemoglobin?

A

globin (protein) and heme (iron-containing red pigment )

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23
Q

what is the function of hemoglobin?

A

-transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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24
Q

what is the structure of hemoglobin?

A

4 chains!

  • 2 alpha
  • 2 beta
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25
how many molecules of oxygen can 1 hemoglobin molecule transport?
4! 1 in each chain
26
how many molecules of oxygen are in EACH red blood cell?
1 billion
27
what is the functionality of red blood cell shape?
1. high surface to volume ratio to absorb and release oxygen easily 2. plates can stack to flow smoothly through capillaries 3. they can bend and flex in order to fit in the smaller capillaries
28
how are red blood cells formed?
erythropoiesis
29
what hormone stimulates red blood cell formation and where is it found?
- erythropoietin (EPO) | - found mostly in the kidney and small amounts in liver
30
why do red blood cells have no damage repair?
- no nucleus - no mitochondria - no ribosomes
31
how long do red blood cells live?
-120 days (about 4 months)
32
what process kills red blood cells and where?
-phagocytosis in liver and spleen
33
what happens to the heme when the red blood cell is destroyed? what happens to the globin?
- heme: used to make more red blood cells | - globin: used to make amino acids
34
what is anemia?
-oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced through decreased number of red blood cells OR decreased concentration of hemolobin
35
what are the 3 signs of anemia? which is the most common?
- hemorrhage - iron deficiency (most common) - sickle cell
36
what is sickle cell anemia?
- inherited genetic defect - results in abnormal beta chain hemoglobin - red blood cells become crescent shaped - hemolytic anemia is a trait of sickle cell - mainly found in people in the malaria belt
37
what is the ratio of red blood cells to white?
700:1
38
what do white blood cells have that is different from red blood cells?
- a nucleus and granules | - they do not contain hemoglobin
39
what are the two ways WBC are distinguished from each other?
- shape of nucleus | - presence or absence of granules
40
what are the types of WBC?
- granular | - agranular
41
what WBC are granular?
- neutrophils - eosinophils - basophils
42
what WBC are agranular?
- lymphocytes | - monocytes
43
what kind of nucleus do lymphocytes have?
-large round nucleus
44
what kind of nucleus do monocytes have?
-large kidney shaped nucleus, slightly lobed
45
what kind of nucleus do neutrophils have?
- S-shaped/C shaped nucleus | - 3-6 lobes
46
what kind of nucleus do eosinophils have? and something about dye
- 2 connected lobed nucleus | - stain red with acid dye like eosin
47
what kind of nucleus do basophils have?
- U-shaped nuncleus | - 2-5 lobes
48
what WBC make up most of the composition of WBC in your body? which one makes up the least?
most-neutrophils | least-basophils
49
how are WBC formed?
leukopoiesis
50
what is leukopoiesis stimulated by?
- colony stimulating factors (CSFs) | - interleukins (IL)
51
how long can WBC live?
- yearssssss | - but usually a few hours or days
52
what are the 3 general WBC functions?
1. defend against pathogens 2. remove toxins and waste 3. attach abnormal cells
53
what is the function of neutrophils and monocytes?
- fight inflammation and infection | - use phagocytosis to do so
54
what is the function of eosinophils?
- fight inflammation in allergic reaction | - fight parasitic worms
55
what is the function of basophils?
- fight inflammation in allergic reactions | - really involved in hay fever
56
what are the three types of lymphocytes?
1. T cells 2. B cells 3. natural killer cells
57
function of T cells?
-attack fungi, TRANSPLANTED CELLS, cancer cells
58
function of B cells?
-destroy BACTERIA
59
function of natural killer cells?
-attack certain spontaneously arising TUMOR CELLS
60
do platelets have a nucleus?
nope
61
what is the function of platelets?
they help in the blood clotting process
62
what hormone stimulates the process that forms platelets?
thrombopoietin
63
what is the general process of the formation of platelets?
megakaryoblasts->metamegakaryocytes->cytoplasm fragments
64
how long do platelets live?
5-9 days
65
what removes the dead platelets from the blood stream?
-macrophages in the spleen and liver
66
what is hemostasis?
-stoppage of bleeding
67
what are the 3 phases of hemostasis?
1. vascular spasm(lasts 30 minutes) 2. platelet plug formation(begins 15 sec after injury) 3. Blood clotting/coagulation(begins 30 sec after injury)
68
what happens in the vascular spasm phase?
-the smooth muscle of a blood vessel wall contracts to slow blood loss
69
what happens in the platelet plug formation phase?
- platelets gather and stick to the lining of a blood vessel, each other, and the exposed collagen fibers - forms a plug to stop bleeding
70
what are the chemicals involved in clotting called?
clotting/coagulation factors
71
what makes up the network that traps the formed elements of the blood to create a clot?
insoluble protein fibers called fibrin
72
what are the 3 things needed for normal coagulation?
- vitamin K - clot retraction - fibrinolysin
73
what does vitamin K do for blood clotting?
-liver uses it to synthesize clotting factors
74
what is clot retraction?
the consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot to pull the edges of the damaged vessel closer together
75
what is fibrinolysis?
-dissolving of a clot
76
what dissolves firbin strands?
-a proenzyme that turns into fibrinolysin when activavted

Anatomy 4 (7 decks)

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