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Anatomy 4 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of fluid is blood?

A

extracellular fluid

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2
Q

aside from blood, what is the other fluid that is outside of the cells?

A

-intracellular fluid/tissue fluid/ INTERSTITIAL FLUID and lymph

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3
Q

where does interstitial fluid circulate?

A

within microscopic spaces between tissue cells

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4
Q

what are the “normal physiological limits” called

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

how do blood and interstitial fluid exchange materials? why do they do this?

A
  • osmosis
  • diffusion
  • filtration
  • re absorption

-to maintain homeostasis

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6
Q

what are the three functions of blood?

A
  1. Transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and hormones
  2. Regulation of pH, body temp, water content of cells
  3. Protection against blood loss, foreign microbes, and toxins
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7
Q

what are some physical characteristics of blood?

A
  • more viscous than water
  • about 38 C/ 100 F
  • pH around 7.4
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8
Q

what are the two parts of blood?

A
  • blood plasma

- formed elements

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9
Q

what is blood plasma?

A

-straw colored fluid that remains after the formed elements are removed

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10
Q

what are the formed elements?

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
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11
Q

which cells make up most of the formed elements?

A

-red blood cells

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12
Q

for the total volume of blood, what percentage is formed elements and what percentage is plasma? white blood cells and platelets?

A

red blood cells-45%
plasma-55%
WBC/platelets- less than 1%

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13
Q

what is the buffy coat?

A

-thin layer of WBC and platelets that is between the red blood cells and the plasma

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14
Q

what is the composition of blood plasma?

A
  • 91% plasma

- 9% solutes

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15
Q

what solutes are found in plasma?

A
  • proteins
  • nutrients
  • vitamins
  • hormones
  • electrolytes
  • waste products
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16
Q

what are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

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17
Q

what are leukocytes?

A

white blood cells

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18
Q

what is hemopoiesis?

A

process of producing formed elements

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19
Q

where does hemopoiesis take place after birth?

A

-in red bone marrow found in EPIPHYSIS of long bones, flat bones, and cranial bones

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20
Q

what are hemopoietic stem cells and where are they found?

A
  • in red bone marrow

- they differentiate into the different formed elements

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21
Q

what shape are red blood cells?

A
  • biconcave

- thicker on the edges than in the middle

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22
Q

what makes up hemoglobin?

A

globin (protein) and heme (iron-containing red pigment )

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23
Q

what is the function of hemoglobin?

A

-transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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24
Q

what is the structure of hemoglobin?

A

4 chains!

  • 2 alpha
  • 2 beta
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25
Q

how many molecules of oxygen can 1 hemoglobin molecule transport?

A

4! 1 in each chain

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26
Q

how many molecules of oxygen are in EACH red blood cell?

A

1 billion

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27
Q

what is the functionality of red blood cell shape?

A
  1. high surface to volume ratio to absorb and release oxygen easily
  2. plates can stack to flow smoothly through capillaries
  3. they can bend and flex in order to fit in the smaller capillaries
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28
Q

how are red blood cells formed?

A

erythropoiesis

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29
Q

what hormone stimulates red blood cell formation and where is it found?

A
  • erythropoietin (EPO)

- found mostly in the kidney and small amounts in liver

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30
Q

why do red blood cells have no damage repair?

A
  • no nucleus
  • no mitochondria
  • no ribosomes
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31
Q

how long do red blood cells live?

A

-120 days (about 4 months)

32
Q

what process kills red blood cells and where?

A

-phagocytosis in liver and spleen

33
Q

what happens to the heme when the red blood cell is destroyed? what happens to the globin?

A
  • heme: used to make more red blood cells

- globin: used to make amino acids

34
Q

what is anemia?

A

-oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced through decreased number of red blood cells OR decreased concentration of hemolobin

35
Q

what are the 3 signs of anemia? which is the most common?

A
  • hemorrhage
  • iron deficiency (most common)
  • sickle cell
36
Q

what is sickle cell anemia?

A
  • inherited genetic defect
  • results in abnormal beta chain hemoglobin
  • red blood cells become crescent shaped
  • hemolytic anemia is a trait of sickle cell
  • mainly found in people in the malaria belt
37
Q

what is the ratio of red blood cells to white?

A

700:1

38
Q

what do white blood cells have that is different from red blood cells?

A
  • a nucleus and granules

- they do not contain hemoglobin

39
Q

what are the two ways WBC are distinguished from each other?

A
  • shape of nucleus

- presence or absence of granules

40
Q

what are the types of WBC?

A
  • granular

- agranular

41
Q

what WBC are granular?

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
42
Q

what WBC are agranular?

A
  • lymphocytes

- monocytes

43
Q

what kind of nucleus do lymphocytes have?

A

-large round nucleus

44
Q

what kind of nucleus do monocytes have?

A

-large kidney shaped nucleus, slightly lobed

45
Q

what kind of nucleus do neutrophils have?

A
  • S-shaped/C shaped nucleus

- 3-6 lobes

46
Q

what kind of nucleus do eosinophils have? and something about dye

A
  • 2 connected lobed nucleus

- stain red with acid dye like eosin

47
Q

what kind of nucleus do basophils have?

A
  • U-shaped nuncleus

- 2-5 lobes

48
Q

what WBC make up most of the composition of WBC in your body? which one makes up the least?

A

most-neutrophils

least-basophils

49
Q

how are WBC formed?

A

leukopoiesis

50
Q

what is leukopoiesis stimulated by?

A
  • colony stimulating factors (CSFs)

- interleukins (IL)

51
Q

how long can WBC live?

A
  • yearssssss

- but usually a few hours or days

52
Q

what are the 3 general WBC functions?

A
  1. defend against pathogens
  2. remove toxins and waste
  3. attach abnormal cells
53
Q

what is the function of neutrophils and monocytes?

A
  • fight inflammation and infection

- use phagocytosis to do so

54
Q

what is the function of eosinophils?

A
  • fight inflammation in allergic reaction

- fight parasitic worms

55
Q

what is the function of basophils?

A
  • fight inflammation in allergic reactions

- really involved in hay fever

56
Q

what are the three types of lymphocytes?

A
  1. T cells
  2. B cells
  3. natural killer cells
57
Q

function of T cells?

A

-attack fungi, TRANSPLANTED CELLS, cancer cells

58
Q

function of B cells?

A

-destroy BACTERIA

59
Q

function of natural killer cells?

A

-attack certain spontaneously arising TUMOR CELLS

60
Q

do platelets have a nucleus?

A

nope

61
Q

what is the function of platelets?

A

they help in the blood clotting process

62
Q

what hormone stimulates the process that forms platelets?

A

thrombopoietin

63
Q

what is the general process of the formation of platelets?

A

megakaryoblasts->metamegakaryocytes->cytoplasm fragments

64
Q

how long do platelets live?

A

5-9 days

65
Q

what removes the dead platelets from the blood stream?

A

-macrophages in the spleen and liver

66
Q

what is hemostasis?

A

-stoppage of bleeding

67
Q

what are the 3 phases of hemostasis?

A
  1. vascular spasm(lasts 30 minutes)
  2. platelet plug formation(begins 15 sec after injury)
  3. Blood clotting/coagulation(begins 30 sec after injury)
68
Q

what happens in the vascular spasm phase?

A

-the smooth muscle of a blood vessel wall contracts to slow blood loss

69
Q

what happens in the platelet plug formation phase?

A
  • platelets gather and stick to the lining of a blood vessel, each other, and the exposed collagen fibers
  • forms a plug to stop bleeding
70
Q

what are the chemicals involved in clotting called?

A

clotting/coagulation factors

71
Q

what makes up the network that traps the formed elements of the blood to create a clot?

A

insoluble protein fibers called fibrin

72
Q

what are the 3 things needed for normal coagulation?

A
  • vitamin K
  • clot retraction
  • fibrinolysin
73
Q

what does vitamin K do for blood clotting?

A

-liver uses it to synthesize clotting factors

74
Q

what is clot retraction?

A

the consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot to pull the edges of the damaged vessel closer together

75
Q

what is fibrinolysis?

A

-dissolving of a clot

76
Q

what dissolves firbin strands?

A

-a proenzyme that turns into fibrinolysin when activavted

Anatomy 4 (7 decks)

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