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anatomy II > Lungs, Pleura, and Thoracic Wall > Flashcards

Lungs, Pleura, and Thoracic Wall Flashcards

1
Q

Atypical ribs

A

1,2, 11 and 12

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2
Q

True ribs (vertebrocostal)

A

1-7

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3
Q

False ribs (vertebrochondral)

A

8-10

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4
Q

Floating ribs

A

11 and 12

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5
Q

What articulates with the manubrium of the sternum

A

Clavicle, Costal cartilage of first rib, and the Body of the sternum and the cost cartilage of rib 2 (note that it is at the manubriosternal joint)

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6
Q

Rib 2 articulates with what part of the sternum

A

The body

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7
Q

Rib 2 attaches to the sternum at the

A

Manubriosternal joint

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8
Q

what ribs are attached to the body of the sternum

A

ribs 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6th

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9
Q

rib 7 is attached to the sternum at

A

the Xiphisternal joint

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10
Q

What are the three parts of the sternum

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

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11
Q

The mediastinum located behind the sternum from the level of ____ to ____

A

T3 to T9

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12
Q

what are the general features at the vertebral end of typical ribs

A
  • Head
  • Neck
  • Tubercle
  • Angle
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13
Q

What are the general features at the middle of typical ribs

A

Body (shaft)

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14
Q

What are the general features at the sternal end of typical ribs

A

Articulates directly with sternum, costal cartilage, or sits in fascia

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15
Q

what makes up the joint of head of rib

A
  • body of vertebra superior to rib
  • Intervertebral disc
  • Body of vertebra of same number as rib
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16
Q

What makes up the costotransverse joint of a rib

A
  • Tubercle of the rib

- Transverse process of vertebra of same number as the rib

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17
Q

The intervertebral disc is composed of

A
  • Anulus fibrosus (exterior part)

- Nucleus Pulposus (internal part)

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18
Q

what type of joint is the intervertebral joint

A

-Symphysis (secondary cartilaginous joint)

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19
Q

The intervertebral joint articulates with

A

-adjacent cerebral bodies bound together by intervertebral disc

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20
Q

What are the ligaments of the intervertebral joint

A

Anterior and posterior longitudinal

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21
Q

What type of joint is the costovertebral joints of head of ribs

A

Synovial plane of joint

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22
Q

The costovertebral joints of head of ribs articulations

A

-head of each rib with superior demarcate or costal facet of corresponding vertebral body and inferior demarcate or costal facet of vertebral body superior to it
(heads of 1st, 11th, and 12th ribs (sometimes 10th) articulate only with corresponding vertebral body

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23
Q

What are the ligaments of the costovertebral joints of head of ribs

A

Radiate and intra-articular ligaments of head of ribs

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24
Q

what ribs have heads that only articulate with the corresponding vertebral body

A

1st, 11th, and 12th ribs (sometimes 10th)

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25
Q

What type of joints are costotransverse joints

A

Synovial plane of joint

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26
Q

Articulations of costotransverse joints

A

articulation of tubercle of rib with transverse process of corresponding vertebra (11th and 12th ribs do not articulate with transverse process of corresponding vertebrae)

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27
Q

What are the ligaments of the costotransverse joint

A

Lateral and Superior costotransverse ligaments

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28
Q

what ribs do not articulate with the transverse process of corresponding vertebrae

A

11th and 12th

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29
Q

What type of joint is the 1st sternocostal joint

A

primary cartilaginous joint

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30
Q

What type of joint is the 2nd-7th sternocostal joints

A

synovial plane joints

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31
Q

What does the 1st sternocostal joint articulate with

A

articulation of the 1st costal carriages with manubrium of sternum

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32
Q

what does the 2nd-7th sternocostal cartilage articulate with

A

articulation of 2nd-7th pairs of costal cartilages with sternum

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33
Q

What are the ligaments of the sternocostal joints

A

anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal

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34
Q

what type of joint is the Sternoclavicular joint

A

Saddle type of synovial joint

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35
Q

What does the sternoclavicular joint articulate with

A

Sternal end of clavicle with manubrium and 1st costal cartilage

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36
Q

what are the ligaments of the sternoclavicular joints

A

anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments; costoclavicular ligaments

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37
Q

the sternoclavicular joint is divided into two compartments by

A

Articular disc

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38
Q

what type of joint is the costochondral joint

A

primary cartilaginous joint

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39
Q

what are the articulations of the costochondral joints

A

articulation fo lateral end of costal cartilage with sentry end of rib

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40
Q

what are the ligaments of the costochondral joints

A

Cartilage and bone; bound together by periosteum

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41
Q

Does the costochondral joint move

A

normally no movement occurs

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42
Q

What type of joint is interchondral

A

Synovial plane joint

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43
Q

what are the articulations of the interchondral joints

A

articulation between costal carriages of 6th-7th,7th-8th, and 8-9th ribs

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44
Q

What are the ligaments of the interchondral joints

A

Interchondral ligaments

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45
Q

Articulation between costal cartilages of 9-10th ribs is

A

fibrous

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46
Q

What type of joint is the manubriosternal joint

A

secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis)

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47
Q

What are the articulations of the manubriosternal joint

A

articulation between manubrium and body of sternum

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48
Q

What type of joint is the Xiphisternal joint

A

Primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis)

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49
Q

What are the articulations of Xiphisternal joint

A

Articulations between Xiphoid process and body of Sternum

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50
Q

The Manubriosternal and Xiphisternal joints often fuse and become _____ in older people

A

synostosis

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51
Q

during inspiration the sternum moves

A

The inferior portion moves out and up similar to a lever on a water pump

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52
Q

Respiration involves ____ and _____

A

inhalation and exhalation

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53
Q

during inhalation, several muscles contract to _____ the dimensions of the thoracic cavity as the lungs fill with air

A

increase

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54
Q

The thoracic cavity expands both

A

to cause the lungs to fill with air and to accommodate the expanding of lungs

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55
Q

during exhalation, some respiratory muscles contract and others relax collectively

A

decreasing the dimensions of the thoracic cavity and forcing air out of the lungs

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56
Q

Muscles of respiration are on the

A

anterior and posterior surfaces of the thorax

57
Q

Muscles of respiration are covered by

A

more superficial muscles that move the upper limb

58
Q

The diaphragm is innervated by

A

phrenic nerve (C3-C5 of the cervical plexus)

59
Q

The canal opening in in the diaphragm is for the

A

inferior vena cava

60
Q

the diaphragm is shaped like a

A

parachute

61
Q

when inhaling the diaphragm

A

contracts (moves down

62
Q

when exhaling the diaphragm

A

relaxes (moves up)

63
Q

superior attachment of external intercostal muscles

A

inferior border of ribs

64
Q

superior attachment of internal intercostal muscles

A

inferior border of ribs

65
Q

superior attachment of innermost intercostal muscles

A

inferior border of ribs

66
Q

inferior attachment of external intercostal muscles

A

superior border of ribs below

67
Q

inferior attachment of internal intercostal muscles

A

superior border of ribs below

68
Q

inferior attachment of innermost intercostal muscles

A

superior border of ribs below

69
Q

Innervation of external intercostal muscles

A

intercostal nerve

70
Q

Innervation of internal intercostal muscles

A

intercostal nerve

71
Q

Innervation of innermost intercostal muscles

A

intercostal nerve

72
Q

Main action of external intercostal muscles

A

During forced inspiration: elevates ribs

73
Q

Main action of internal intercostal muscles

A

during forced inspiration: interosseous part depresses ribs; interchondral part elevates ribs

74
Q

Main action of innermost intercostal muscles

A

during forced inspiration: interosseous part depresses ribs; interchondral part elevates ribs

75
Q

Superior attachment of Transversus thoracis muscles

A

posterior surface of lower sternum

76
Q

Inferior attachment of Transversus thoracis muscles

A

internal surface of costal cartilages 2-6

77
Q

Main action of transversus thoracis

A

weakly depresses ribs

78
Q

Superior attachment of subcostal muscles

A

internal surface of lower ribs near their angles

79
Q

What is the inferior attachment of subcostal muscles

A

superior borders of 2nd or 3rd ribs below

80
Q

What is the main action of the subcostal muscles

A

probably act in same manner as internal intercostal muscles, which during forced inspiration: elevates ribs

during forced inspiration: interosseous part depresses ribs; interchondral part elevates ribs

81
Q

What is the superior attachment of the Levatores Costarum muscles

A

Transverse processes of T7-T11

82
Q

What is the inferior attachment of the Levatores Costarum muscles

A

Subjacent ribs between tubercle and angle

83
Q

What is the innervation of the levatores Costarum muscles

A

Posterior Rami of C8-T11 nerves

84
Q

What is the main action of the Levatores Costarum muscles

A

Elevate ribs

85
Q

What is the superior attachment of the serratus posterior superior

A

Nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T3 vertebrae

86
Q

what is the inferior attachment of serratus posterior superior

A

Superior borders of 2nd-4th ribs

87
Q

innervation of serratus posterior superior

A

2nd-5th intercostal nerves

88
Q

what is the main action of the serratus posterior superior

A

elevates ribs

89
Q

what is the main action of the serratus posterior inferior

A

depresses ribs

90
Q

what is the superior attachment of the serratus posterior inferior

A

spinous processes of T11-L2 vertebrae

91
Q

What is the inferior attachment of serratus posterior inferior

A

inferior borders of 8th-12th ribs near their angles

92
Q

innervation of serratus posterior inferior

A

9th-11th intercostal nerves, subcostal (T12) nerve

93
Q

Muscles that elevate the ribs

A
  • External intercostal muscles
  • Innermost intercostal muscles (interosseous part will depress)
  • Levator costarum
  • Serratus Posterior Superior
94
Q

muscles that depress the ribs

A
  • Internal Intercostal muscles (interchondral part will elevate)
  • Transversus Thoracis
  • Subcostal Muscles
  • Serratus Posterior Inferior
95
Q

What is the only epaxial muscle that moves the ribs

A

Levator costarum

96
Q

which of the muscles that move the ribs are proprioceptive

A
  • Serratus posterior superior
  • Serratus posterior inferior
  • Transversus Thoracis
97
Q

generally muscles that move the ribs ultimately depend

A

on direction of muscle fiber, and this can change depending on segment of rib

98
Q

What gives rise to the large lateral cutaneous branch, the intercostobrachial nerve

A

it emerges form the 2nd intercostal nerve (note sometimes it is form the 3rd)

99
Q

the intercostal arteries come form the

A

thoracic aorta

100
Q

The intercostal veins drain into the

A

azygous vein

101
Q

The subcostal nerve is inferior to the

A

12th rib

102
Q

what are the arteries of the boracic wall

A
  • Thoracic aorta, through the posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries
  • Subclavian Artery- through the internal thoracic and supreme intercostal arteries
  • Axillary artery- though the superior and lateral thoracic arteries
103
Q

with the exception of the ___ and ____ intercostal spaces, each intercostal space is supplied by three arteries: ______ ( and its ____ branch) and a small pair of _____-

A

10th and 11th, large posterior intercostal artery (and its collateral branch), and a small pair of anterior intercostal arteries

104
Q

Of the ____ and _____ intercostal spaces arise from the supreme (superior)intercostal artery, a branch of the costocervical trunk of the sublavian artery

A

the 1st and 2nd intercostal space

105
Q

The intercostal vein, artery, and nerve run in the

A

costal grooves of ribs

106
Q

Origin of the Posterior intercostal artery

A

-Supreme intercostal arteries (intercostal spaces 1 and 2) and thoracic aorta (remaining intercostal spaces)

107
Q

Course of the posterior intercostal arteries

A

Pass between internal and innermost intercostal muscles

108
Q

Distribution of Posterior intercostal arteries

A

Intercostal muscles and overlying skin and parietal pleura

109
Q

origin of Anterior Intercostal arteries

A

-Internal thoracic arteries (intercostal spaces 1-6) and musculophrenic arteries (intercostal spaces 7-9)

110
Q

What is the course of the anterior intercostal arteries

A

-Pass between internal and innermost intercostal muscles

111
Q

What is the distribution of the anterior intercostal arteries

A
  • Intercostal muscles and overlying skin

- Parietal pleura

112
Q

what is the origin of the internal thoracic artery

A

Subclavian artery

113
Q

What is the origin of the subcostal artery

A

Thoracic aorta

114
Q

What is the course of the Internal Thoracic artery

A

-Passes inferiorly, lateral to sternum, between costal cartilages and internal intercostal muscles to divide into superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries

115
Q

What is the course of the subcostal artery

A

courses along interior border of the 12 rib

116
Q

What is the distribution of the internal thoracic artery

A

Muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall and overlying skin

117
Q

The left lung has indentions for

A
  • Thoracic duct
  • Left common carotid artery
  • Vagus nerve
  • Phrenic nerve
  • Descending aorta
  • Area of esophagus
118
Q

The right lung has indentions for

A
  • Esophagus
  • vagus nerve
  • phrenic nerve
  • azygos vein
119
Q

which main bronchus is shorter the right or the left

A

the right

120
Q

The left main bronchus is almost a ___ angle while the right is

A

90 degree, while the right is more straight

121
Q

blood supply to the lungs

A
  • Left bronchial arteries (from aorta)

- Right bronchial arteries (from intercostal arteries, aorta, or left bronchial artery)

122
Q

Venous drainage of the lungs

A
  • Bronchial Veins

- Pulmonary Veins

123
Q

The heart and the lungs receive sympathetic innervation primarily via which pathway

A

-Postganglionic sympathetic pathway

124
Q

The bronchial veins drain into the ____ system

A

azygos

125
Q

The right bronchial veins drain into

A

azygos vein

126
Q

The left bronchial veins drain into

A

accessory hemiazygos vein or intercostal vein

127
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the lungs comes form the

A

vagus nerve

128
Q

Air infiltrating the pleural cavity (pneumothorax) can break surface tension between the visceral and parietal pleura. When this happens, the elastic lung tissue will recoil (collapse) leaving air filled space within the pleural cavity that prevents expansion of the lung during inspiration

A

Pulmonary Collapse (collapsed lung)

129
Q

blood infiltrates the pleural cavity and may also cause the lung to collapse

A

Hemothorax

130
Q

Serous fluid in the pleural cavity that may also cause the lung to collapse

A

Hydrothorax

131
Q

Lymph in the pleural cavity that may also cause the lung to collapse

A

Chylothorax

132
Q

Inflammation of the pleura, may cause “scraping sounds” during auscultation, and can cause sharp stabbing pain

A

Pleuritis (pleurisy)

133
Q

what is that common cause of pulmonary embolism

A

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

134
Q

Obstruction of the pulmonary artery by blood clot, fat globule, or air bubble: is often fatal.

A

Pulmonary Embolism

135
Q

Blood clot passes form vein into right side of heart via the vena cava and then travel through the heart and into pulmonary artery, obstructing blood flow

A

Pulmonary Embolism

136
Q

Bronchogenic Carcinoma

A
  • Common type of lung Cancer arising form bronchial epithelium
  • Smoking a major cause
  • Highly metastatic due to association of lymphatics in bronchial tissue
  • Typically metastasizes to brain and cranium
137
Q

Malignant Mesothelioma

A
  • Rarer type of lung cancer affecting pleura (mesothelium)
  • Caused by exposure to asbestos
  • Can affect other internal organs
138
Q

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB)

A
  • Bacterial infection of the lungs (mycobacterium tuberculosis)
  • Can spread to other organs
  • contagion spread through the air through droplets from an infected individual coughing, sneezing, or talking
  • 1/3 of the world’s population is currently infected with TB, but only 5%-10% become sick or infectious (active TB)
139
Q

____ of the worlds population is currently infected with TB, but only _____% become sick or infectious (active TB)

A

1/3, 5-10%

anatomy II (7 decks)

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