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anatomy II > Embryology of the Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems > Flashcards

Embryology of the Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Early phase of lung development

A

Positioning of lung primordial and primary lung bud formation

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2
Q

Late phase of lung development

A

Mechanism of bronchial branching and cytodifferentiation

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3
Q

Lung development begins in week ___ with formation of ______

A

4th, with formation of laryngeotracheal (respiratory) diverticulum

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4
Q

The lungs develop as an outgrowth of _____ (____) into the surrounding splanchnic mesoderm

A

Foregut (future esophagus)

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5
Q

Laryngeotracheal diverticulum grows distally. Separated form esophagus (dorsally) by _______

A

tracheoesophageal septum

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6
Q

What is the most common malformation of the lung development

A

Tracheoesophageal fistula

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7
Q

Abnormal communication between trachea and esophagus

A

Tracheoesophageal Fistula

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8
Q

What causes tracheoesophageal fistula

A

improper formation of tracheoesophageal septum

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9
Q

What is the most common form of Tracheoesophageal fistula

A

esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula (87% of cases)

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10
Q

Polyhydramnios are associated with

A

CNS anomalies and esophageal atresia (including TEF)

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11
Q

Esophageal atresia and Tracheoesophageal fistula are suspected with the presence of

A
  • an infant with excessive drooling that is frequently accompanied by choking, coughing, and sneezing.
  • When fed, these infants swallow normally but begin to cough and struggle as the fluid is regurgitated
  • The infant may become cyanotic and may stop breathing as the overflow of fluid form the blind pouch is aspirated the trachea and lungs
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12
Q

In week ____, the the left and right lung buds divide into

A

2 bronchial buds, these will become the main or primary bronchi

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13
Q

The splanchnic mesoderm differentiates into the ____, ___, and ____ of the lungs

A

smooth muscle, nerves, and blood vessels of the lungs

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14
Q

Stages in lung development

A
  • Embryonic- 4-7 weeks
  • (Pseudo)Glandular- weeks 8-16 weeks
  • Canalicular- weeks 17-26
  • Terminal sac- week 26 —> birth
  • postnatal (alveolar)
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15
Q

when is the embryonic stage of lung development

A

weeks 4-7

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16
Q

When is the Pseudoglandular stage of lung development

A

weeks 8-16

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17
Q

When is the Canalicular stage of lung development

A

weeks 17-26

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18
Q

When is the Terminal sac stage of lung development

A

week 26 to birth

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19
Q

When is the alveolar stage of lung development

A

postnatal (after birth)

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20
Q

what happens in the embryonic stage of lung development

A
  • initial formation of respiratory diverticulum up to formation of all major bronchopulmonary segments
  • lungs grow into pleural cavities
  • differentiation of pleura
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21
Q

What happens in the (Pseudo) Glandular Stage (weeks 8-16) of lung development

A
  • Major formation and growth of duct system within bronchopulmonary segments
  • No respiratory components, no gas exchange
  • histological structure resembles a gland
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22
Q

what occurs in the canalicular stage (weeks 17-26) of lung development

A
  • Formation of respiratory bronchioles and terminal sacs (primitive alveoli)
  • Vascularization increases
  • Capillaries found in walls
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23
Q

what are terminal sacs

A
  • Alveoli- or terminal sacs- develop from respiratory bronchioles
  • epithelium lining alveoli differentiates into two cell types
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24
Q

Function of Type I pneumoncytes

A

form part of blood-air barrier

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25
Q

What is the function of Type II pneumocyte

A
  • secretory cells that produce surfactant
  • Reduces surface tension
  • Facilitates alveolar expansion
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26
Q

up to ___ % of alveoli formed after birth

A

90%

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27
Q

What is the primary mechanism of postnatal (alveolar) phase

A

alveoli are formed by separation of pre-existing alveoli

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28
Q

when is the viability period of the lungs

A

middle of the canalicular period

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29
Q

___% of Infant respiratory distress syndrome occur in infants born at less than 28 weeks gestation

A

60%

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30
Q

___% of cases of infant respiratory distress syndrome occur in infants born at less than 37 weeks gestation.

A

5%

31
Q

Infant respiratory distress syndrome occurs primarily in the _____ lung

A

immature

32
Q

Low surfactant can lead

A

lung collapse—> hypoxia—-> alveolar lining cell damage —-> pulmonary vasoconstriction —-> endothelial damage—–> fibrin hyaline membranes

33
Q

What is pulmonary agenesis

A
  • complete absence of lungs, bronchi and vasculature
  • bilateral or unilateral
  • bronchial buds do not develop
34
Q

What is pulmonary hypoplasia

A
  • poorly developed bronchial tree

- Partial (small segment) or Total (entire lung)

35
Q

Congential diaphragmatic hernia

A
  • abdominal contents herniated into thoracic cavity
  • caused by failure of pleuroperitoneal membranes to fuse with other components
  • can cause pulmonary hypoplasia
  • clinical signs: usually flat abdomen, breathless and cyanosis
  • most common on the left posterolateral side
36
Q

Primitive vertebrate cardiovascular plan present by week ___

A

4

37
Q

What is the first system in the human body to function

A

cardiovascular system

38
Q

Why is early development of the cardiovascular system necessary for rapid growth

A

embryo can no longer meet nutritional or oxygen needs by diffusion

39
Q

The heart is converted into a ____ chambered and then a ______

A

2 chambered and then 4-chambered structure

40
Q

embryonic vascular system separates into ____ and ____ portions

A

systemic and pulmonary portions

41
Q

(intra) embryonic circuit

A
  • Series of aortic arches that connect to dorsal aortae
  • D. Aortae subdivide into smaller vessels to supply embryo
  • Blood drained by anterior and posterior cardinal veins
  • Common cardinal vein
42
Q

umbilical vein carries

A

oxygenated blood form the placenta

43
Q

Vitelline circuit

A

supply and drain yolk sac - “nursery for blood cells”

44
Q

extraembryonic vascular circuits

A
  • nutritional circuits
  • vitelline
  • Umbilical
  • Umbilical vein
45
Q

Embryonic Dilation (Truncus Arteriosus) becomes what adult structures

A
  • Aorta and pulmonary trunk
46
Q

Embryonic dilation, Bulbus cords becomes what structures

A
  • Smooth part of the right ventricle (conus cords), smooth part of left ventricle (aortic vestibule)
47
Q

The embryonic dilation, primitive ventricle, becomes what structures

A
  • Trabeculated part of right and left ventricles
48
Q

The embryonic dilation, primitive atrium, become what adult structures

A

Trabeculated part of right and left atria (auricles)

49
Q

The embryonic dilation, Sinus Venosus, becomes what adult structures

A

Smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum), coronary sinus, oblique vein of left atrium

50
Q

At day 22 the heart has

A

Truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis, ventricle and atrium ,
(note that the Truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis, ventricle grow faster than other regions)

51
Q

around day 23 the bulbs cords and ventricle create a

A

bend

52
Q

what is dextrocardia

A

the heart bends to the left instead of right. heart is displaced to the right with transposition of heart and great vessels. most common positional abnormality

53
Q

after folding, atrium and ventricle are separated by ______

A

narrow AV canal

54
Q

Dorsal and ventral blocks of cardiac tissue grow together known as

A

endocardial tissue

55
Q

Primordial arterial and venous ends are brought together to form ______

A

transverse pericardial sinus

56
Q

After folding, atrium and ventricle are separated by

A

narrow AV canal

57
Q

The formation and fusion of the ____ is the critical first step in the development of the 4-chambered heart

A

endocardial cushions

58
Q

Large communication between chambers occurs when

A

endocardial cushions fail to fuse

59
Q

Formation of the interventricular septum

A
  • Two parts
  • Muscular portion develops in the midline on the floor of the primitive ventricle
  • grows upward towards endocardial cushions and downgrading bulbar ridges
  • it is then closed by a membranous portion that divides AV canals
60
Q

Ventricular septal defects (VSDs)

A
  • 25% of all congenital heart defects
  • Most VSDs that require surgical correction occur in membranous portion
  • Opening between L and R ventricles, associated shunting of blood
61
Q

Formation of Atrial septum

A
  • septum primum grows toward the endocardial cushions. There is then apoptosis that forms foramen secundum (note that foramen premium is still present but soon closes when septum primum grows into endocardial cushions. Septum secundum then forms from the top and endocardial cushions and does not come all the way together but instead ends when it meets the head of the seputm premium thus forming the valve of the foramen oval (before birth the right atrium has higher pressure and pushes this open but then after birth the left has more and closes it forming the fossa ovalis)
62
Q

Atrial Septal Defects

A
  • is fairly common , present in 10-15% of patients with congenital cardiac anomalies
  • ostium (foramen) primum defects- similar to endocardial cushion defects
  • secundum type- involve foramen ovale and septum primum
  • Sinus venosus- usually near opening of SVC
  • Common atrium
63
Q

Major trends of heart development

A
  • The heart is converted into a 2-chambered and then a 4-chambered structure
  • Embryonic vascular circuit separates into systemic and pulmonary portions
  • Systemic arterial outlow—> left
  • Systemic venous return–> right
64
Q

Liver develops in septum _____

A

Transversum

65
Q

Vitelline veins become incorporated into liver as _____, ____, ____, part of ____ and some of the veins that ______

A

hepatic sinusoids, hepatic veins, part of IVC and some of the veins that drain the GI tract

66
Q
  • The umbilical vein is able to bypass the ___ and diverts oxygenated blood into the heart
A

liver

67
Q

The umbilical vein joins the ______, which connects umbilical vein to IVC

A

large venous shunt ductus venosus

68
Q

_____ connects umbilical vein with IVC

A

ductus venosus

69
Q

The ductus venosus bypasses the ____ and diverse oxygenated blood into the heart

A

liver

70
Q

What happens to the cardinal veins after fetal life

A
  • anterior cardinal veins become connected
  • anastomosis becomes left brachiocephalic vein
  • Right anterior cardinal and common cardinal become SVC
71
Q

_____ cells invade ridges that form in the bulbus cords and truncus arteriosus

A

Neural crest cells

72
Q

What is the tetralogy of fallot

A
  • associated with: pulmonary stenosis, VSD, Overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy
73
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus

A
  • an abnormal connection between the aorta and the pulmonary artery in the heart. About 3,000 newborns are diagnosed with PDA each year in the U.S.

anatomy II (7 decks)

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