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anatomy II > Heart and mediastinum > Flashcards

Heart and mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

The sternal angle is between T___ and T___

A

T4 and T5

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2
Q

What is the superior boundary of the mediastinum

A

Thoracic inlet

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3
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the mediastinum

A

Diaphragm

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4
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the mediastinum

A

Sternum and costal cartilages

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5
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the mediastinum

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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6
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the mediastinum

A

Pleura

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7
Q

What are the cavities in the thoracic cavity

A
  • mediastinum
  • pleural cavity
  • Pericardial cavity
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8
Q

What are the cavities that make up the abdominopelvic cavity

A
  • Abdominal cavity

- Pelvic cavity

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9
Q

Contents o the superior mediastinum

A

Great vessels of the heart, thoracic ducts (left), parts of azygos system, Right and left vagus nerves (recurrent laryngeal nerves), pulmonary, esophageal and cardiac autonomic nerve plexuses, thymus, parts of trachea and esophagus

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10
Q

Contents of infero-anterior mediastinum

A

Fat, lymph tissue, vessels, in small children thymus may extend into this region

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11
Q

Contents of infero-middle mediastinum

A

The heart and it’s pericardial tissues

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12
Q

Contents of infero-posterior mediastinum

A

Thoracic aorta, esophagus, pulmonary arteries and veins, azygos system, thoracic duct, sympathetic trunk and thoracic splanchnic nerves

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13
Q

The thoracic splanchnic nerves are in the _____ portion of the mediastinum. They are bilateral and emerge from the ____-

A

Inferoposterior, emerge from thoracic sympathetic trunks

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14
Q

All three of the thoracic splanchnic nerves (Greater, Lesser, Least) are part of the abdomnopelvic splanchnic nerves and provide _______ to ______

A

Sympathetic innervation to viscera inferior to the diaphragm

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15
Q

The thoracic splanchnic nerves are all presynaptic that will synapse with _________ in abdomen

A

Prevertebral ganglia in abdomen

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16
Q

What are the areas of constriction where swallowed foreign objects are most likely to lodge and where a stricture may develop

A

At the arch of the aorta, left main bronchus, and diaphragm (note that this is the Esophageal hiatus, which is where the diaphragm has an opening for esophagus to pass through)

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17
Q

___ is the center of the cardiovascular system

A

Heart

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18
Q

____ carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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19
Q

_____ carry blood back to the heart

A

veins

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20
Q

Arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart are called the

A

great vessels

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21
Q

The heart ensures the _____ flow of blood through both the heart and the blood vessels

A

unidirectional

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22
Q

back flow of blood in the heart is prevented by ____ in the heart

A

valves

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23
Q

The heart acts like ____ independent, side- by-side pumps that work independently but at the same rate. What are they

A
  • 2
  • one directs blood to the lungs for gas exchange (pulmonary circulation)
  • One that directs blood to body tissues for nutrient delivery (systemic circulation)
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24
Q

The heart develops ____ through alternate cycles of heart wall contraction and relaxation

A
  • blood pressure
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25
Q

____ is essential to push blood through blood vessels to the body tissues for nutrient and waste exchange

A

Minimum blood pressure

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26
Q

_______ consists of the chambers on the right side of the heart (right atrium and ventricle) as well as the pulmonary arteries and veins

A

Pulmonary circuit

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27
Q

_____ consists of the chambers on the left side of the heart (left atrium and ventricle), along with all the other named blood vessels

A

Systemic circuit

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28
Q

Oxygenated blood form the left side of the heart is pumped into the _____, the larges systemic artery in the body, and then into smaller systemic arteries

A

aorta

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29
Q

Gas exchange in tissues occurs from ____

A

capillaries

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30
Q

Most veins merge and drain into the __________, which drain blood into the right atrium

A

superior and inferior venae cavae

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31
Q

The heart weighs about ____ to ___ grams

A

250 to 350

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32
Q

The heart is located ____ of the body midline posterior to the sternum in the ____ mediastinum

A

left, middle

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33
Q

The heart is rotated such that its ____ side or border (_________) is located more anteriorly, while its ______ side or border (_______) is located more posteriorly

A
  • Right side or border (right atrium and ventricle)

- Left side or border (left atrium and ventricle)

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34
Q

The posterosuperior surface of the heart, formed primarily by the _____, is called the base

A

left atrium

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35
Q

The inferior, conical end of the heart is called the ____

A

apex

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36
Q

The apex projects slightly _____ toward the ______

A

anterioinferiorly toward the left side of the body

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37
Q

The _____ that enter the left atrium border this base

A

pulmonary veins

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38
Q

The pericardium has how many layers and what are they

A
  • 3 (visceral, parietal, fibrous)
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39
Q

The heart is contained in a ____, ____ sac held in place within the mediastinum by connective tissue that supports the great vessels’ external walls superior to the heart and diaphragm inferior to it

A

fibrous, serous

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40
Q

The pericardium functions

A

restricts heart movements so that it doesn’t bounce and move about in the thoracic cavity, and prevents the heart form overfilling with blood

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41
Q

The outer portion of the pericardium is a tough, dense connective tissue layer called the _____

A

fibrous pericardium

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42
Q

The fibrous pericardium is attached to both the ___ and ____

A

sternum and diaphragm

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43
Q

The inner portion of the pericardium is a thin, double-layered serous membrane called the

A

serous pericardium

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44
Q

The serous pericardium is made up of what two parts

A
  • Parietal layer

- Visceral layer

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45
Q

The parietal pericardium is adhered to the ______. The only potential space with fluid is between the ___ and ____

A
  • Fibrous pericardium

- visceral layer and parietal layer

46
Q

The heart wall consists of ___ distinctive layers. Which are called?

A
  • 3
  • External epicardium
  • Middle myocardium
  • internal endocardium
47
Q

The ____ is the outermost heart layer and is also known as the visceral layer of serous pericardium

A

Epicardium

48
Q

As we age, more fat is deposited in the _______,and so this layer of the heart becomes thicker and more fatty

A

epicardium

49
Q

____ is the middle layer of the heart wall and is composed chiefly of cardiac muscle tissue

A

myocardium

50
Q

The ____ is the thickest of the three heart wall layers

A

myocardium

51
Q

The internal surface of the heart and external surfaces of the heart valves are covered by a thin endothelium called the _____

A

endocardium

52
Q

Between the endocardium and myocardium lies a _____ layer, which is composed of areolar connective tissue

A

subendocardial layer

53
Q

___ are thin-walled chambers that are located superiorly

A

atria

54
Q

the anterior part of each atrium is wrinkled, flaplike extension called an

A

auricle

55
Q

____ receive blood returning to the heart through both circulatory circuits

A

Atria

56
Q

____ receives blood from the systemic circuit

A

right atrium

57
Q

____ receives blood from the pulmonary circuit

A

Left atrium

58
Q

Two large arteries, the ____ and the ___ exit the heart at the basal surface

A

pulmonary trunk and aorta

59
Q

The _____ carries blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary circuit

A

Pulmonary trunk

60
Q

The ___ conducts blood from the left ventricle into the systemic circuit

A

aorta

61
Q

The atria are separated from the ventricles externally by a relatively deep ______ (or _______) that extends around the circumference of the heart

A

Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular sulcus)

62
Q

On both the anterior and posterior surfaces of the heart, the _________ and the ______ are located between the left and right ventricles

A

Anterior interventricular sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus

63
Q

Anterior interventricular sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus extend inferiorly from the ______ toward the heart apex

A

coronary sulcus

64
Q

what is in the posterior interventricular sulcus

A
  • posterior interventricular artery

- middle cardiac vein

65
Q

The _____ heart skeleton is located between the atria and the ventricles, and is formed from dense irregular connective tissue

A

Fibrous

66
Q

Functions of fibrous skeleton of the heart

A
  • Separates the atria and ventricles
  • Anchors heart valves by forming supportive rings at their attachment points
  • provides electrical insulation between atria and ventricles
  • insulation ensures that muscle impulses are not spread randomly throughout the heart, and thus prevents all the heart chambers from beating at the same time
  • provides a rigid framework for the attachment of cardiac muscle tissue
67
Q

In the adult heart, the fossa ovalis can be view in the

A

right atrium

68
Q

The _____ receives blood from the systemic circuit and the heart muscle itself

A

right atrium

69
Q

What 3 major vessels empty into the right atrium

A
  • superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Coronary sinus
70
Q

______ drains blood from the head, upper limbs, and superior regions of the trunk

A

Superior vena cava

71
Q

______ drains blood from the lower limbs and trunk

A

inferior vena cava

72
Q

_______ drains blood from the heart wall

A

Coronary sinus

73
Q

The _____ forms a wall between the right and left atria

A

interatrial septum

74
Q

The right atrium of an adult has has the fossa ovalis which is remnant of what fetal structure

A

foramen ovale

75
Q

The right atrium has ____ muscle

A

pectinate

76
Q

Semilunar valves function similarly to the

A

venous valves

77
Q

The right atrioventricular (AV) or Tricuspid valve separates

A

the right atrium from the right ventricle

78
Q

The right atrioventricular (AV) is also called the

A

tricuspid valve

79
Q

The right atrioventricular (AV) valve has _____ triangular flaps

A

3

80
Q

The right atrioventricular valve is forced closed when

A

the right ventricle begins to contract, thus preventing blood back flow into the right atrium

81
Q

An ______ forms a wall between the right and left ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

82
Q

The internal wall surface of the right ventricle has 3 cone-shaped muscular projections called _______, which anchor ____

A

papillary muscles, which anchor chord tendineae

83
Q

functions of chord tendineae

A

attache to the cusp of the AV valves and prevent everting and flipping into the atrium when contracting

84
Q

At its superior end the right ventricle it narrows into a smooth-walled, conical region called the _____

A

conus arteriosus

85
Q

The _____ marks the end of the right ventricle and the entrance into the pulmonary trunk

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

86
Q

Pulmonary trunk divides into ____ and ____

A

right and left pulmonary arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

87
Q

located within the walls of both ventricles immediately before the connection of the ventricle to the pulmonary trunk and aorta

A

Semilunar valves

88
Q

Each semilunar valve is composed of

A

three thin, rocketlike semilunar cusps

89
Q

Smooth posterior wall of the _______ contains openings for approximately four pulmonary veins

A

left atrium

90
Q

The left atrium has some ____ muscles along its anterior wall as well as an _____

A

pectinate, auricle

91
Q

The left atrioventricular (AV) valve is also called the

A

bicuspid or mitral valve

92
Q

what is the largest of the four chambers of the heart

A

the left ventricle

93
Q

The left ventricle is typically _____ times thicker than the right ventricular wall

A

3 times thicker

94
Q

Trabeculae carneae in the ____ ventricle are more prominent

A

left

95
Q

in the left ventricle ___ large papillary muscles attache to the chordae tendineae that help support the left AV valve

A

2 (note that this is different than the right which has 3 but this makes sense because the right AV valve is a tricuspid and the left AV Valve is bicuspid)

96
Q

At the superior end of the ventricular cavity, the _______ marks the end of the left ventricle and the entrance into the aorta

A

aortic semilunar valve

97
Q

The heart is innervated by the

A

autonomic nervous system

98
Q

Innervation of the heart consists of both _____ and ___ components. Referred to as the ____ or _____

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic (cardiac or coronary plexus)

99
Q

_____ innervation increases the rate and the force of heart contractions

A

Sympathetic innervation

100
Q

______ innervation decreases heart rate, but tends to have no effect on force of contractions, expect in special circumstances

A

parasympathetic

101
Q

left and right coronary arteries travel in the ______ of the heart to supply the heart wall (note these are the only branches of the ascending aorta)

A

Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove)

102
Q

the openings for the left and right coronary arteries are located immediately _____ to the aortic semilunar valve

A

superior

103
Q

The right coronary artery typically branches into the

A
  • marginal artery (supplies the right border of the heart)

- Posterior interventricular artery (supplies both the left and right ventricles)

104
Q

The marginal artery supplies

A

the right border of the heart

105
Q

The posterior interventricular artery supplies

A

both the left and right ventricles

106
Q

The left coronary artery typically branches into

A
  • Anterior interventricular artery (also called the left anterior descending artery (LAD)
  • Circumflex artery
107
Q

The anterior interventricular artery ( or LAD) supplies

A

the anterior surface of both ventricles and most of the interventricular septum

108
Q

The circumflex artery supplies

A

the left atrium and ventricle

109
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A
  • a condition in which a ventricle has become enlarged thickened and/or stiffened. As a result, the heart’s ability to pump is reduced. Two types of cardiomyopathy include: Dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
110
Q

_____ is a procedure in which a catheter is inserted with a tiny balloon that presses the plaque blockage against the artery so that blood may flow more freely through the vessel. A ___ is then inserted to keep the vessel pathway open and the blood flowing

A

Angioplasty, stent

anatomy II (7 decks)

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