Lungs and tracheobronchial tree

Question 1

What are the lungs?

Answer 1

A pair of air-filled organs located in the thoracic cavity.

Question 2

What separates the lungs in the thoracic cavity?

Answer 2

The central mediastinum.

Question 3

What structures are contained within the mediastinum?

Answer 3

• Heart
• Thoracic parts of the great vessels
• Thoracic parts of the trachea
• Esophagus
• Thymus
• Other structures.

Question 4

What is the pleura?

Answer 4

A membrane covering each lung.

Question 5

What are the two types of pleura?

Answer 5

• Visceral pleura
• Parietal pleura.

Question 6

What is the pleural cavity?

Answer 6

The space between the visceral and parietal pleura, normally filled with a thin film of fluid.

Question 7

What is the pulmonary hilum?

Answer 7

The medial part of each lung where the root of the lung passes through.

Question 8

What makes up the root of the lungs?

Answer 8

• Main bronchus
• Arteries
• Veins.

Question 9

What are the characteristics of the lungs?

Answer 9

• Light
• Soft
• Spongy.

Question 10

What are the three surfaces of the lungs?

Answer 10

• Costal
• Mediastinal
• Diaphragmatic.

Question 11

What are the three borders of the lungs?

Answer 11

• Anterior
• Inferior
• Posterior.

Question 12

How is the right lung different from the left lung?

Answer 12

The right lung is larger, heavier, shorter, and wider.

Question 13

What divides the right lung into lobes?

Answer 13

The horizontal fissure and the oblique fissure.

Question 14

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Answer 14

Two lobes: superior and inferior.

Question 15

What is the cardiac notch?

Answer 15

A deep impression on the anterior border of the left lung caused by the heart’s deviation.

Question 16

What is the lingula?

Answer 16

A tongue-like process extending below the cardiac notch on the left lung.

Question 17

What characterizes the costal surface of the lungs?

Answer 17

Large, smooth, and convex, related to the costal pleura.

Question 18

What is the diaphragmatic surface of the lung?

Answer 18

The concave surface that forms the base of the lung, resting on the diaphragm.

Question 19

What is the mediastinal surface of the lung related to?

Answer 19

The middle mediastinum containing the pericardium and heart.

Question 20

What is the hilum of the lung?

Answer 20

The doorway through which the roots of the lungs enter and exit.

Question 21

What is the pulmonary ligament?

Answer 21

A structure formed by the continuity between parietal and visceral pleura extending between the lung and mediastinum.

Question 22

What are the two main bronchi?

Answer 22

The right main bronchus and the left main bronchus.

Question 23

How does the right main bronchus compare to the left?

Answer 23

Wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left main bronchus.

Question 24

How many secondary lobar bronchi are in the right lung?

Answer 24

Three: right superior, middle, and inferior lobar bronchi.

Question 25

How many tertiary segmental bronchi are in the lungs?

Answer 25

10 bronchopulmonary segments for the right lung, and 8 to 10 for the left lung.

Question 26

What is the role of the pulmonary alveolus?

Answer 26

The basic structural unit of gas exchange.

Question 27

What are the two types of circulation in the lungs?

Answer 27

* Functional circulation * Nutritive circulation.

Question 28

What is the function of the pulmonary arteries?

Answer 28

Carry low-oxygen blood to the lungs.

Question 29

What do the pulmonary veins do?

Answer 29

Carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

Question 30

What supplies the lungs with oxygenated blood?

Answer 30

Bronchial circulation.

Question 31

What are the two lymphatic plexuses in the lungs?

Answer 31

* Superficial (subpleural) plexus * Deep lymphatic plexus.

Question 32

What do the superficial lymphatic plexus drain?

Answer 32

The visceral pleura and lung tissue.

Question 33

Where does lymph from both plexuses drain?

Answer 33

To the superior and inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes.

Question 34

True or False: The right bronchial vein drains into the accessory hemi-azygos vein.

Answer 34

False. Azygos vein.

Question 35

What is the primary drainage pathway for the right lung?

Answer 35

The right lung drains primarily through the consecutive nodes on the right side.

Question 36

How does the superior left lobe of the lung drain?

Answer 36

The superior left lobe drains primarily through corresponding nodes on the left.

Question 37

Where do the lymphatics from the lower lobe of the left lung primarily drain?

Answer 37

They drain to the right superior tracheobronchial nodes.

Question 38

What are the major conduits for lymph drainage from the tracheobronchial lymph nodes?

Answer 38

The right and left bronchomediastinal lymph trunks.

Question 39

Where do the bronchomediastinal lymph trunks end?

Answer 39

At the venous angles, which are the junctions of the subclavian and internal jugular veins.

Question 40

What is the drainage pathway for lymph from the parietal pleura?

Answer 40

Lymph from the parietal pleura drains into the lymph nodes of the thoracic wall.

Question 41

Which lymph nodes do some lymphatics from the cervical parietal pleura drain into?

Answer 41

Axillary lymph nodes.

Question 42

From where do the nerves of the lungs and visceral pleura originate?

Answer 42

The pulmonary plexuses. anterior and posterior to the root of the lungs, close to the carina

Question 43

What types of fibers are contained in the pulmonary plexuses?

Answer 43

Parasympathetic, sympathetic, and visceral afferent fibers.

Question 44

What type of fibers do the parasympathetic fibers in the pulmonary plexus originate from?

Answer 44

Presynaptic fibers from the vagus nerve.

Question 45

What is the effect of parasympathetic fibers on bronchial smooth muscle?

Answer 45

Causes bronchoconstriction.

Question 46

What happens to the pulmonary vessels under parasympathetic activation?

Answer 46

Vasodilation occurs through inhibition.

Question 47

What are the effects of sympathetic fibers during the fight or flight mode?

Answer 47

Causes bronchodilation and vasoconstriction.

Question 48

What type of fibers are responsible for reflexive control in the pulmonary plexus?

Answer 48

Reflexive fibers.

Question 49

Which fibers respond to painful stimuli in the pulmonary plexus?

Answer 49

Nociceptive fibers.

Question 50

What nerves supply the costal pleura and peripheral part of the diaphragmatic pleura?

Answer 50

Intercostal nerves.

Question 51

Which nerves supply the central part of the diaphragmatic pleura and the mediastinal pleura?

Answer 51

Phrenic nerves.

Question 52

What are the main anatomical features of the lungs?

Answer 52

Apex, base, costal surface, mediastinal surface, diaphragmatic surface, anterior border, inferior border, posterior border.

Question 53

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Answer 53

Three lobes.

Question 54

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Answer 54

Two lobes.

Question 55

What divides the right lung into lobes?

Answer 55

Horizontal fissure and oblique fissure.

Question 56

What anatomical feature is present on the left lung due to the cardiac notch?

Answer 56

Lingula.

Question 57

What does the tracheobronchial tree begin with?

Answer 57

The trachea.

Question 58

How many bronchopulmonary segments can the right lung be divided into?

Answer 58

10 bronchopulmonary segments.

Question 59

How many bronchopulmonary segments can the left lung be divided into?

Answer 59

8-10 bronchopulmonary segments.

Question 60

What is the functional circulation of the lungs supplied by?

Answer 60

Right and left pulmonary arteries.

Question 61

What do the pulmonary veins carry back to the heart?

Answer 61

Oxygen-rich blood.

Question 62

What ensures the nutritive circulation of the lungs?

Answer 62

Two left bronchial arteries and a single right bronchial artery.

Question 63

What is responsible for venous drainage in the lungs?

Answer 63

Right and left bronchial veins.

Question 64

What are the two types of lymphatic plexuses in the lungs?

Answer 64

Superficial and deep lymphatic plexuses.

Question 65

What types of fibers do the nerves of the pulmonary plexuses contain?

Answer 65

Parasympathetic, sympathetic, and afferent fibers.