Anatomical teminology Flashcards
What do eponyms in anatomical terminology refer to?
Terms incorporating names of people that do not conform to international standards.
What is the anatomical position?
Standing upright with head, gaze, and toes directed forward, arms at sides with palms facing forward, and feet parallel.
What is the median plane?
The vertical anteroposterior plane dividing the body into right and left halves.
Define sagittal planes.
Vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane.
What are frontal (coronal) planes?
Vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts.
What are transverse planes?
Horizontal planes dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.
What are longitudinal sections?
Slices that run lengthwise or parallel to the long axis of the body.
What are transverse sections?
Cross sections cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body.
*Because the long axis of the foot runs horizontally, a transverse section of the foot lies in the frontal plane
What are oblique sections?
Slices that are not cut along the standard anatomical planes.
What does the term ‘superior’ refer to?
A structure that is nearer to the vertex (topmost point of the cranium).
What does ‘inferior’ mean?
A structure that is situated nearer to the sole of the foot.
What does ‘anterior’ denote?
The front surface of the body.
What does ‘posterior’ refer to?
The back surface of the body.
What does ‘medial’ indicate?
A structure that is nearer to the median plane of the body.
What is the meaning of ‘lateral’?
A structure that is farther away from the median plane.
What does ‘proximal’ refer to?
Position nearer to the attachment of a limb or central aspect of a linear structure.
What does ‘distal’ mean?
Position farther from the attachment of a limb or central aspect of a linear structure.
What does ‘ipsilateral’ mean?
Occurring on the same side of the body as another structure.
- the right thumb and right great (big) toe are ipsilateral, for example.
What does ‘contralateral’ refer to?
Occurring on the opposite side of the body relative to another structure.
- the right hand is contralateral to the left hand
What is flexion?
Bending or decreasing the angle between bones or parts of the body.
What is extension?
Straightening or increasing the angle between bones or parts of the body.
What is dorsiflexion?
Flexion at the ankle joint, lifting the front of the foot and toes off the ground.
What is plantarflexion?
Bending the foot and toes toward the ground.
*as when standing on your toes
What does abduction mean?
Moving away from the median plane.
What does adduction refer to?
Moving toward the median plane.
What is hyperextension?
Extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit, which can cause injury.
What does abduction mean in anatomical terms?
Moving away from the median of the body
What does adduction mean in anatomical terms?
Moving toward the median of the body
What is the definition of abduction of the digits?
Spreading fingers or toes apart
What is the opposite of abduction of the digits?
Adduction of the digits
What occurs during right and left lateral flexion?
Tilting the head and/or shoulders to the right or left side
How is the thumb uniquely positioned compared to other digits?
Rotated 90° relative to the other digits
In which planes does the thumb flex and extend?
Frontal plane
In which planes does the thumb abduct and adduct?
Sagittal plane
What is circumduction?
A circular movement involving sequential flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction
At which joints can circumduction occur?
Any joint that allows flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction
What does rotation involve in anatomical movement?
Turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis
What is medial rotation?
Bringing the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane
What is lateral rotation?
Taking the anterior surface away from the median plane
What is the difference between pronation and supination?
Pronation rotates the radius medially; supination rotates it laterally
What happens to the palm during pronation?
*When the elbow joint is flexed
Faces inferiorly
What happens to the palm during supination?
*When the elbow joint is flexed
Faces superiorly
What is eversion?
Moving the sole of the foot away from the median plane
What is inversion?
Moving the sole of the foot toward the median plane
What does pronation of the foot involve?
A combination of eversion and abduction
What does supination of the foot imply?
A combination of inversion and adduction
What is opposition in anatomical terms?
Bringing the pad of the thumb to another digit pad
What does reposition mean?
Moving the thumb back to its anatomical position from opposition
What is protrusion?
Movement anteriorly (forward)
What is retrusion?
Movement posteriorly (backward)
What do protraction and retraction refer to?
Movements of the scapula on the thoracic wall
What does elevation mean in anatomical movements?
Raising or moving a part superiorly
What does depression mean in anatomical movements?
Lowering or moving a part inferiorly
What is the terms Superficial, intermediate, and deep?
describe the position of structures relative to the surface of the body or the relationship of one structure to another underlying or overlying structure.
What is the bialateral?
Paired structures having right and left members (e.g., the kidneys)
What is the unilateral?
those occurring on one side only (e.g., the spleen)
Anatomical position: supine
Lying on the back
