Block Thorax Final Flashcards
skin
what is - The largest organ of the body, consisting of epidermis and dermis function - Protection, containment, temperature regulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis structure - Epidermis (keratinized epithelium) and dermis (connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves) location - Covers the entire external body surface
subcutaneous fat
what is - A layer of adipose tissue beneath the skin function - Insulation, energy storage, padding for protection structure - Loose connective tissue with fat, blood vessels, and nerves location - Between the skin and underlying deep fascia; varies in thickness across body regions
true ribs
what is - First 7 rib pairs, attach directly to sternum function - Protect organs, support thoracic structure structure - Head, neck, tubercle, body, direct costal cartilage location - Anterior thoracic wall, vertebrae to sternum
false ribs
what is - Ribs 8-10, attach indirectly to sternum function - Flexibility, indirect support structure - Costal cartilage merges before sternum location - Below true ribs, lateral thoracic wall
floating ribs
what is - Ribs 11-12, no sternal attachment function - Mobility, protect abdominal organs structure - Short, no costal cartilage location - Posterior thoracic wall, attached only to vertebrae
head of rib
what is - Posterior rib end, articulates with vertebrae function - Stability, vertebral connection structure - Two articular facets, crest between location - Posterior thoracic cage, vertebral articulation
crest of head of rib
what is - Ridge separating articular facets on rib head function - Divides facets for articulation with vertebrae structure - Narrow bony ridge location - Posterior rib head
superior articular facet
what is - Upper facet on rib head function - Articulates with vertebra above structure - Smooth, convex surface location - Posterior rib head
inferior articular facet
what is - Lower facet on rib head function - Articulates with corresponding vertebra structure - Smooth, concave surface location - Posterior rib head
neck of rib
what is - Narrow region between head and tubercle function - Connects head to body, muscle attachment structure - Flattened, smooth location - Between rib head and tubercle
tubercle of rib
what is - Small bony prominence on rib function - Articulates with transverse process of vertebra structure - Smooth facet, rough non-articular part location - Posterior rib, junction of neck and body
costal body (shaft)
what is - Main rib portion function - Forms thoracic cage, muscle attachment structure - Thin, curved, with costal groove location - Between tubercle and anterior end
costal cartilage
what is - Hyaline cartilage connecting ribs to sternum function - Flexibility, rib movement during respiration structure - Strong, semi-flexible location - Anterior rib ends, true and false ribs
costal groove
what is - Groove on rib’s inner surface function - Protects intercostal vessels and nerves structure - Long, narrow indentation location - Inferior border of rib
costal margin
what is - Lower border of rib cage function - Defines inferior thoracic aperture structure - Formed by cartilages of ribs 7-10 location - Inferior thoracic cage, lateral to midline
intercostal space
what is - Gap between adjacent ribs function - Allows passage of muscles, vessels, nerves structure - Filled with intercostal muscles location - Between ribs, 11 spaces total
sternum
what is - Flat, elongated bone forming the center of the anterior thoracic cage function - Protects mediastinal organs, supports rib attachment structure - Three parts: manubrium, body, xiphoid process location - Midline of the thorax, articulates with ribs and clavicles
body of sternum
what is - The long, central part of the sternum function - Provides attachment for ribs and costal cartilages structure - Narrow, flat bone with lateral costal notches location - Between the manubrium and xiphoid process, anterior to T5-T9 vertebrae
sternal angle
what is - Junction between the manubrium and body of the sternum function - Landmark for rib counting and anatomical reference structure - Forms a transverse ridge at the manubriosternal joint location - At the level of the second costal cartilage and T4-T5 intervertebral disc
manubrium
what is - The broad, superior part of the sternum function - Supports clavicular and rib articulations structure - Trapezoidal bone, thickest part of the sternum location - Superior sternum, at the level of T3-T4 vertebrae
suprasternal (jugular) notch
what is - A concave depression at the top of the manubrium function - Important landmark for vascular access and tracheal positioning structure - Shallow notch flanked by clavicular notches location - Midline at the superior border of the manubrium, between clavicles
clavicular notches
what is - Indentations on the sides of the manubrium function - Articulates with the clavicles to form the sternoclavicular joints structure - Concave surfaces on the superior-lateral manubrium location - At the junction of the manubrium and clavicles
xiphoid process
what is - The smallest, most inferior part of the sternum function - Landmark for CPR hand placement, attachment for diaphragm and abdominal muscles structure - Thin, elongated, varies in shape, may be bifid location - Inferior end of the sternum, at the T10 vertebral level
clavicle
what is - S-shaped bone connecting the sternum and scapula function - Provides shoulder support, transmits force from upper limb to axial skeleton structure - Medial end articulates with sternum, lateral end with scapula location - Runs horizontally at the junction of the neck and thorax
sternoclavicular joint
what is - Synovial joint between the clavicle and sternum function - Allows movement of the clavicle for shoulder mobility structure - Saddle-shaped joint with an articular disc location - Between the medial end of the clavicle and the manubrium
xiphisternal joint
what is - Junction between the xiphoid process and body of the sternum function - Indicates the lower border of the thoracic cavity structure - Cartilaginous joint, may ossify with age location - At the inferior end of the sternum, level of T9 vertebra
scapula
what is - Large, flat triangular bone forming the back of the shoulder girdle function - Provides attachment for shoulder muscles, allows upper limb mobility structure - Spine, acromion, coracoid process, glenoid cavity location - Posterior thorax, spanning ribs 2-7
mammary glands
what is - Milk-producing glands function - Lactation, nourishment for infants structure - Lobules with milk-secreting alveoli, lactiferous ducts location - Subcutaneous tissue over pectoralis major, between second and sixth ribs
nipple
what is - Conical projection at the center of the breast function - Outlet for milk secretion structure - Smooth muscle fibers, lactiferous duct openings location - Central point of the areola, on the breast
areola
what is - Pigmented skin surrounding the nipple function - Lubrication, aids in breastfeeding structure - Sebaceous glands and sensory nerves location - Around the nipple on the breast
lactiferous duct
what is - Ducts that carry milk from lobules to the nipple function - Transport milk during lactation structure - 15-20 ducts per breast, each opening at the nipple location - Extending from mammary gland lobules to nipple
cooper’s ligament
what is - Suspensory ligament supporting breast tissue function - Maintains breast shape, structural support structure - Fibrous connective tissue bands location - Between skin and deep fascia of the breast
submammary space
what is - Loose connective tissue layer beneath the breast function - Allows mobility of the breast over chest wall structure - Contains minimal fat, potential space location - Deep to the mammary gland, above pectoralis major fascia
pectoralis major
what is - Large chest muscle attaching humerus to thorax function - Adduction, medial rotation, flexion of the arm structure - Clavicular and sternocostal heads innervation - Medial and lateral pectoral nerves location - Covers the anterior chest, spanning clavicle and sternum to humerus
pectoralis minor
what is - Small triangular chest muscle function - Stabilizes scapula, assists respiration structure - Ribs 3–5 to coracoid process of scapula innervation - Medial pectoral nerve location - Beneath pectoralis major, anterior chest wall
external intercostal muscle and membrane
what is - Outer intercostal muscles function - Elevates ribs during inspiration structure - Runs from rib above to rib below innervation - Intercostal nerves location - Outer layer in intercostal spaces
internal intercostal muscle and membrane
what is - Middle intercostal muscles function - Depresses ribs during expiration structure - Runs from rib above to rib below innervation - Intercostal nerves location - Deep to external intercostals
innermost intercostal muscle
what is - Deepest intercostal muscles function - Assists expiration structure - Thin layer deep to internal intercostals innervation - Intercostal nerves location - Innermost layer in intercostal spaces
serratus anterior muscle
what is - Large, flat thoracic muscle function - Protracts scapula, rotates it for arm elevation structure - Attaches to ribs 1–8 or 9 and medial scapular border innervation - Long thoracic nerve location - Lateral thorax, covers ribs
subclavius muscle
what is - Small muscle beneath clavicle function - Anchors and depresses clavicle structure - Runs from first rib to clavicle innervation - Nerve to subclavius location - Inferior to clavicle, near sternoclavicular joint
brachiocephalic trunk
what is - The largest branch of the aortic arch function - Divides into the right subclavian and right common carotid arteries structure - A short, wide arterial trunk location - Arises at the aortic arch and ascends to the sternoclavicular joint origin - Aortic arch
right common carotid artery
what is - Major artery supplying blood to the right side of the head and neck function - Provides oxygenated blood to the brain, face, and neck structure - Divides into the internal and external carotid arteries location - Ascends along the right side of the neck, lateral to the trachea origin - Brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid artery
what is - Major artery supplying blood to the left side of the head and neck function - Provides oxygenated blood to the brain, face, and neck structure - Divides into the internal and external carotid arteries location - Ascends along the left side of the neck, lateral to the trachea origin - Aortic arch
right subclavian artery
what is - Artery supplying the right upper limb and portions of the neck and thorax function - Provides blood to the right arm, thoracic wall, and head structure - Divides into multiple branches, including the vertebral artery location - Passes behind the right clavicle and into the upper limb origin - Brachiocephalic trunk
left subclavian artery
what is - Artery supplying the left upper limb and portions of the neck and thorax function - Provides blood to the left arm, thoracic wall, and head structure - Divides into multiple branches, including the vertebral artery location - Passes behind the left clavicle and into the upper limb origin - Aortic arch
pectoral branch of thoraco-acromial artery
what is - A branch of the thoraco-acromial artery that supplies the pectoral region function - Delivers blood to the pectoralis major and minor muscles structure - A small, variable branch location - Emerges near the coracoid process of the scapula origin - Thoraco-acromial artery
intercostal artery
what is - Arteries that supply the intercostal muscles and overlying skin function - Deliver oxygenated blood to the thoracic wall and support respiration structure - Divided into anterior and posterior branches location - Run along the costal groove on the inferior aspect of the ribs origin - Posterior intercostal arteries from the thoracic aorta; anterior intercostal arteries from the internal thoracic artery
intercostal vein
what is - Veins that drain blood from the intercostal spaces function - Return deoxygenated blood to the systemic circulation structure - Run alongside the intercostal arteries and nerves location - Lie within the costal grooves origin - Drain into the azygos system or internal thoracic veins
internal thoracic artery
what is - A vertical artery supplying the anterior thoracic wall and diaphragm function - Provides blood to the anterior chest wall and upper six intercostal spaces structure - Paired artery descending alongside the sternum location - Runs lateral to the sternum on the inner surface of the anterior thoracic wall origin - Subclavian artery
internal thoracic vein
what is - A vein accompanying the internal thoracic artery function - Drains blood from the anterior thoracic wall structure - Paired vein running parallel to the internal thoracic artery location - On the inner surface of the anterior thoracic wall origin - Drains into the brachiocephalic vein
lateral thoracic artery
what is - A branch of the axillary artery supplying the lateral thoracic wall function - Delivers blood to the serratus anterior, pectoralis muscles, and breast structure - Thin, variable artery location - Runs along the lateral border of the pectoralis minor origin - Axillary artery
superior intercostal artery
what is - Artery supplying the first two intercostal spaces function - Delivers blood to the upper intercostal muscles and overlying skin structure - Small branch of the costocervical trunk location - Lies superior to the ribs in the upper intercostal spaces origin - Costocervical trunk of the subclavian artery
cephalic vein
what is - A superficial vein that drains the lateral aspect of the arm function - Returns blood from the superficial tissues of the upper limb to the heart structure - Large, visible superficial vein location - Runs along the lateral border of the arm and drains into the axillary vein origin - Superficial veins of the hand and forearm
superior epigastric artery
what is - A terminal branch of the internal thoracic artery function - Supplies the anterior abdominal wall structure - Thin, elongated artery location - Runs downward into the anterior abdominal wall origin - Internal thoracic artery
superior epigastric vein
what is - A vein accompanying the superior epigastric artery function - Drains blood from the anterior abdominal wall structure - Thin, elongated vein location - Runs upward alongside the superior epigastric artery origin - Drains into the internal thoracic vein
medial pectoral nerve
what is - A branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus function - Provides motor innervation to the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles structure - Arises as a single trunk that divides into multiple branches location - Originates from the medial cord of the brachial plexus and runs through the pectoral region
lateral pectoral nerve
what is - A branch of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus function - Supplies the pectoralis major muscle structure - Arises as a single trunk and branches out in the pectoral region location - Originates from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus and courses to the pectoralis major
long thoracic nerve
what is - A long branch from the brachial plexus function - Innervates the serratus anterior muscle structure - Thin, long nerve running along the lateral thoracic wall location - Descends along the lateral aspect of the thorax, superficial to the serratus anterior
intercostal nerves
what is - Ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves function - Supply the intercostal muscles, skin of the thorax, and abdominal wall structure - Consist of both sensory and motor fibers location - Lie within the costal grooves between the ribs
pericardium
what is - A double-layered fibroserous sac enclosing the heart and great vessels function - Protects the heart, anchors it in place, and prevents overfilling structure - Consists of the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium, which has parietal and visceral layers location - Encloses the heart within the middle mediastinum
oblique pericardial sinus
what is - A blind, U-shaped pocket within the pericardial cavity behind the heart function - Provides a space between the pulmonary veins and the left atrium for smooth movement of the heart structure - Formed by the pericardial reflection around the pulmonary veins and inferior vena cava location - Posterior to the left atrium and bounded by the pericardial reflections surrounding these veins
transverse pericardial sinus
what is - A horizontally running passage within the pericardial cavity function - Serves as a route for clamping or ligating the great vessels during cardiac surgery structure - Bounded anteriorly by the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk and posteriorly by the superior vena cava location - Located superior to the atria, between the arterial and venous openings of the pericardial cavity
fibrous pericardium
what is - The tough, outermost layer of the pericardium function - Anchors the heart to surrounding structures, prevents overfilling, and stabilizes its position structure - Composed of dense irregular connective tissue, continuous with the diaphragm’s central tendon and the great vessels’ adventitia location - Outer pericardial layer, surrounding the serous pericardium and connected to the sternum and diaphragm
parietal layer of serous pericardium
what is - The outermost layer of the serous pericardium, lining the fibrous pericardium function - Secretes serous fluid to reduce friction as the heart moves structure - Mesothelial tissue supported by a thin layer of connective tissue location - Inner surface of the fibrous pericardium, facing the pericardial cavity
visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium)
what is - The innermost layer of the serous pericardium and outermost layer of the heart wall function - Provides a lubricated surface for the heart’s movement within the pericardial cavity structure - Thin layer of mesothelium covering the heart’s surface, continuous with the parietal layer at the great vessels location - Lies directly on the heart’s surface, covering the myocardium
pericardial space
what is - A potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium function - Contains a thin layer of lubricating fluid to minimize friction during heart movements structure - Lined by mesothelial cells, filled with a small amount of pericardial fluid location - Between the serous pericardium layers, surrounding the heart
pericardial fluid
what is - A small amount of fluid within the pericardial space function - Lubricates the heart’s outer surface, allowing smooth movement within the pericardial sac structure - Clear, plasma-like fluid secreted by mesothelial cells location - Fills the pericardial cavity between the serous layers of the pericardium
ascending aorta
what is - The first portion of the aorta, arising from the left ventricle. function - Supplies oxygen-rich blood to the coronary arteries and body. structure - Approximately 2.5 cm in diameter, extends upward from the aortic valve. location - Begins at the aortic valve, extends upward and anteriorly.
arch of aorta
what is - The curved continuation of the ascending aorta. function - Directs blood flow to the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries. structure - A broad curve that connects the ascending and descending portions. location - Lies superior to the right pulmonary artery, passes posterior to the trachea.
descending aorta
what is - The portion of the aorta that travels downward from the arch. function - Supplies blood to the thoracic and abdominal walls, and lower body. structure - Continues from the aortic arch, running along the vertebral column. location - Posterior mediastinum, left of the vertebral column.
pulmonary trunk
what is - A large vessel that arises from the right ventricle. function - Transports low-oxygen blood to the lungs for oxygenation. structure - Approximately 5 cm long, divides into right and left pulmonary arteries. location - Anterior to the ascending aorta and left atrium.
pulmonary arteries
what is - Vessels that branch from the pulmonary trunk. function - Deliver low-oxygen blood from the heart to the lungs. structure - Right and left arteries, each branching further into lobar and segmental arteries. location - Within the pulmonary root of the lungs, extending from the pulmonary trunk.
superior vena cava
what is - A large vein that returns blood from the upper body to the right atrium. function - Drains venous blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and upper chest. structure - Short, vertical vessel formed by the union of the brachiocephalic veins. location - Right side of the superior mediastinum, ending at the right atrium.
inferior vena cava
what is - A large vein that returns blood from the lower body to the right atrium. function - Drains venous blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs. structure - Formed by the union of the common iliac veins. location - Ascends through the diaphragm and enters the lower right atrium.
right superior pulmonary vein
what is - One of the four pulmonary veins carrying oxygenated blood. function - Returns blood from the superior lobe of the right lung to the left atrium. structure - Short, thin-walled vein located within the right lung root. location - Extends from the right lung hilum to the left atrium.
left superior pulmonary vein
what is - One of the four pulmonary veins carrying oxygenated blood. function - Returns blood from the superior lobe of the left lung to the left atrium. structure - Short, thin-walled vein located within the left lung root. location - Extends from the left lung hilum to the left atrium.
right inferior pulmonary vein
what is - One of the four pulmonary veins carrying oxygenated blood. function - Returns blood from the inferior lobe of the right lung to the left atrium. structure - Short, thin-walled vein located within the right lung root. location - Extends from the right lung hilum to the left atrium.
left inferior pulmonary vein
what is - One of the four pulmonary veins carrying oxygenated blood. function - Returns blood from the inferior lobe of the left lung to the left atrium. structure - Short, thin-walled vein located within the left lung root. location - Extends from the left lung hilum to the left atrium.
apex of the heart
what is - The tip of the heart, formed by the inferolateral part of the left ventricle. function - Indicates the position of the heartbeat and the site of maximal heart sounds. structure - Rounded point where the walls of the left ventricle converge. location - Lies in the left fifth intercostal space, approximately 9 cm from the midline.
coronary (atrioventricular) groove
what is - A groove encircling the heart’s base. function - Separates the atria from the ventricles and contains the coronary vessels. structure - Shallow sulcus housing the main coronary arteries and veins. location - Lies between the atria and ventricles, extending around the heart.
anterior interventricular groove
what is - A groove on the anterior surface of the heart. function - Marks the position of the interventricular septum and contains the anterior interventricular artery and vein. structure - Longitudinal groove separating the right and left ventricles on the heart’s anterior side. location - Extends from the base of the heart toward the apex on the anterior surface.
posterior interventricular groove
what is - A groove on the posterior surface of the heart. function - Houses the posterior interventricular artery and middle cardiac vein. structure - Longitudinal groove marking the separation of the right and left ventricles. location - Runs from the base toward the apex on the heart’s posterior side.
left main coronary artery
what is - The primary artery supplying the left side of the heart. function - Delivers oxygenated blood to the left ventricle, left atrium, and part of the right ventricle. structure - Short trunk that quickly divides into the left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex arteries. location - Originates from the left aortic sinus and travels behind the pulmonary trunk to reach the coronary sulcus.
left anterior descending (LAD) artery
what is - A major branch of the left main coronary artery. function - Supplies blood to the anterior interventricular septum, anterior walls of the ventricles, and the apex. structure - Runs along the anterior interventricular groove, sometimes giving off diagonal branches. location - Begins at the left main coronary artery, extends downward along the anterior interventricular groove.
circumflex branch
what is - A branch of the left main coronary artery. function - Supplies the left atrium, lateral, and posterior walls of the left ventricle. structure - Wraps around the left side of the heart in the coronary sulcus. location - Starts at the left main coronary artery, courses leftward around the heart.
posterior interventricular branch (posterior descending artery)
what is - A terminal branch of the coronary arteries. function - Supplies blood to the posterior interventricular septum and adjacent ventricular walls. structure - Runs along the posterior interventricular groove. location - Found in the posterior interventricular groove, arising from either the right coronary artery or circumflex artery.
diagonal branches
what is - Secondary branches from the LAD artery. function - Deliver blood to the anterolateral walls of the left ventricle. structure - Typically arise at right angles to the LAD. location - Branch off the LAD along its course over the anterior ventricular wall.
left marginal artery
what is - A branch of the circumflex artery. function - Supplies the left ventricular wall. structure - Travels along the left margin of the heart. location - Emerges from the circumflex artery and follows the left border of the heart.
sinuatrial nodal branch
what is - A branch that supplies the sinoatrial (SA) node. function - Provides blood to the heart’s primary pacemaker. structure - Small artery that runs toward the SA node. location - Can arise from either the right coronary artery or circumflex artery.
great cardiac vein
what is - The largest vein draining the heart function - Drains blood from areas supplied by the left coronary artery structure - Begins as the anterior interventricular vein, then follows the coronary sulcus to the coronary sinus location - Runs alongside the anterior interventricular artery, then curves left to join the coronary sinus
middle cardiac vein
what is - A major tributary of the coronary sinus function - Drains blood from the posterior interventricular region of the heart structure - Runs within the posterior interventricular groove location - Accompanies the posterior interventricular artery, empties into the coronary sinus
small cardiac vein
what is - A vein draining the right atrium and right ventricle function - Returns blood from the right heart into the coronary sinus structure - Travels along the right coronary sulcus location - Accompanies the right marginal artery, drains into the coronary sinus
coronary sinus
what is - The main vein collecting cardiac venous return function - Drains most cardiac veins directly into the right atrium structure - A wide, venous channel located in the coronary sulcus location - Lies on the posterior side of the heart, between the left atrium and left ventricle, emptying into the right atrium
sinoatrial node
what is - The pacemaker of the heart, initiating electrical impulses. function - Regulates heart rhythm by generating impulses around 70 times per minute. structure - A small cluster of nodal tissue, cardiac muscle fibers, and fibro-elastic connective tissue. location - At the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium, near the superior end of the sulcus terminalis.
atrioventricular node
what is - A secondary pacemaker that receives impulses from the SA node. function - Delays the signal before transmitting it to the ventricles via the AV bundle. structure - A small collection of nodal tissue. location - Postero-inferior region of the interatrial septum, near the opening of the coronary sinus.
bundle of His
what is - The only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles. function - Transmits impulses from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches. structure - A bundle of specialized conducting fibers. location - Extends from the AV node, passing through the fibrous skeleton of the heart along the interventricular septum.
Purkinje fibers
what is - Terminal branches of the conduction system. function - Rapidly distribute electrical impulses to the ventricular myocardium. structure - Large, specialized muscle fibers. location - Subendocardial layer of the ventricles.
right bundle branch
what is - A branch of the AV bundle responsible for right ventricular activation. function - Conducts impulses to the right ventricle and papillary muscles. structure - Runs along the interventricular septum and connects to Purkinje fibers. location - Right side of the interventricular septum.
left bundle branch
what is - A branch of the AV bundle responsible for left ventricular activation. function - Conducts impulses to the left ventricle and papillary muscles. structure - Divides into several smaller branches to reach the myocardium. location - Left side of the interventricular septum.
right atrium
what is - The right-sided receiving chamber of the heart. function - Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus, and directs it into the right ventricle. structure - Has a smooth posterior wall (sinus venarum) and a rough anterior wall with pectinate muscles. location - Forms the right border of the heart, between the superior and inferior vena cava openings.
right auricle
what is - A muscular pouch extending from the right atrium. function - Increases the capacity of the right atrium. structure - Small, ear-shaped muscular extension lined with pectinate muscles. location - Overlaps the ascending aorta, projecting anteriorly.
opening of coronary sinus
what is - The site where the coronary sinus drains venous blood into the right atrium. function - Returns deoxygenated blood from the heart’s myocardium. structure - A short venous opening with a small valve. location - Between the right AV orifice and the inferior vena cava opening.
fossa ovalis
what is - A remnant of the fetal foramen ovale. function - Indicates the former passageway between the atria in fetal circulation. structure - A shallow, oval depression in the interatrial septum. location - On the interatrial septum, superior to the tricuspid valve.
opening of tricuspid valve (right AV orifice)
what is - The passage between the right atrium and right ventricle. function - Allows blood to flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle. structure - A fibrous orifice surrounded by the tricuspid valve. location - Inferior part of the right atrium, near the anterior wall.
inferior vena cava valve (eustachian valve)
what is - A small crescent-shaped fold at the opening of the inferior vena cava. function - In fetal life, it directs blood toward the foramen ovale; in adults, it has no significant function. structure - Thin, semilunar fold of endocardium. location - At the junction of the inferior vena cava and right atrium.
pectinate muscles
what is - Parallel ridges of myocardium in the atrial wall. function - Increase the force of atrial contraction without increasing mass. structure - Muscular ridges found mainly in the auricle and anterior right atrium. location - Anterior wall of the right atrium and the right auricle.
crista terminalis
what is - A smooth, muscular ridge separating the sinus venarum from the pectinate muscles. function - Marks the junction between the embryonic sinus venosus and the primitive atrium. structure - A curved ridge running from the superior vena cava to the inferior vena cava. location - Internal surface of the right atrium, near the lateral wall.
sulcus terminalis
what is - An external groove marking the division between the rough and smooth parts of the right atrium. function - Corresponds to the crista terminalis internally. structure - A shallow groove along the outer right atrial wall. location - External surface of the right atrium, extending from the superior vena cava to the inferior vena cava.
sinus venosus
what is - A smooth-walled embryonic remnant in the right atrium. function - Forms the sinus venarum, receiving blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus. structure - Smooth posterior portion of the right atrium. location - Posterior part of the right atrium, between the superior and inferior vena cava openings.
tricuspid valve
what is - A three-cusped valve between the right atrium and right ventricle. function - Prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium during ventricular contraction. structure - Composed of anterior, posterior, and septal cusps attached to the fibrous ring. location - Between the right atrium and right ventricle, posterior to the sternum at the level of the 4th and 5th intercostal spaces.
chordae tendineae
what is - Fibrous cords connecting valve cusps to papillary muscles. function - Prevent valve prolapse by securing cusps during ventricular contraction. structure - Tendinous fibers anchored to papillary muscles. location - Extend from papillary muscles to the free edges of atrioventricular valve cusps.
papillary muscles
what is - Conical muscular projections inside the ventricles. function - Contract to tighten chordae tendineae, preventing valve prolapse. structure - Composed of anterior, posterior, and septal groups. location - Attached to the ventricular walls and connected to AV valve cusps.
pulmonary valve
what is - A semilunar valve at the exit of the right ventricle. function - Prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle. structure - Three cusps: anterior, right, and left. location - Between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk, at the level of the left 3rd costal cartilage.
interventricular septum
what is - A thick partition separating the right and left ventricles. function - Prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. structure - Composed of muscular and membranous parts. location - Runs between the ventricles, forming part of the left ventricular wall.
conus arteriosus
what is - A smooth-walled funnel-shaped part of the right ventricle. function - Directs blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk. structure - Muscular outflow tract with a smooth surface. location - Superior part of the right ventricle, leading to the pulmonary valve.
supraventricular crest
what is - A muscular ridge inside the right ventricle. function - Separates inflow from outflow tracts within the right ventricle. structure - Thickened muscular elevation. location - Between the right ventricular cavity and conus arteriosus.
moderator band
what is - A curved muscular bundle in the right ventricle. function - Carries part of the right AV bundle for electrical conduction. structure - A thick trabecula connecting the interventricular septum to the anterior papillary muscle. location - Spans the right ventricular chamber.
trabeculae carneae
what is - Irregular muscular ridges inside the ventricles. function - Enhance contraction efficiency and reduce turbulence. structure - Network of muscle bundles forming ridges. location - Inner walls of both ventricles.
left atrium
what is - The chamber receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs. function - Pumps oxygen-rich blood into the left ventricle. structure - Mostly smooth-walled with a small muscular auricle. location - Forms the base of the heart, posterior to the right atrium.
left auricle
what is - A small muscular pouch extending from the left atrium. function - Increases the capacity of the left atrium. structure - Contains pectinate muscles, unlike the smooth atrial wall. location - Superior part of the left atrium, overlapping the pulmonary trunk.
valve of foramen ovale
what is - A remnant of fetal circulation in the interatrial septum. function - Prevents blood flow between the atria after birth. structure - A thin, crescent-shaped flap. location - On the left side of the interatrial septum.
opening of pulmonary veins
what is - Four valveless openings in the left atrium. function - Allow oxygenated blood to enter from the lungs. structure - Two superior and two inferior veins entering the posterior atrium. location - On the smooth posterior wall of the left atrium.
pectinate muscles
what is - Parallel ridges of cardiac muscle. function - Assist in atrial contraction. structure - Thin, comb-like muscular ridges. location - Only in the left auricle, not in the main atrial wall.
chordae tendineae
what is - Fibrous cords connecting valve cusps to papillary muscles function - Prevent valve prolapse into the atrium during ventricular contraction structure - Thin, tendon-like strands composed of collagen location - Extend from the atrioventricular valve leaflets to the papillary muscles in both ventricles
mitral valve
what is - A two-leaflet valve regulating blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle function - Prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium during ventricular systole structure - Anterior and posterior cusps supported by chordae tendineae and papillary muscles location - Between the left atrium and left ventricle, posterior to the sternum at the level of the 4th costal cartilage
anterior papillary muscle (left ventricle)
what is - A muscle within the left ventricle attached to the mitral valve cusps function - Contracts during systole to maintain valve closure structure - Large, conical muscle connected to the anterior and posterior cusps of the mitral valve location - Arises from the anterior wall of the left ventricle
posterior papillary muscle (left ventricle)
what is - A muscle within the left ventricle attached to the mitral valve cusps function - Assists in valve closure and prevents prolapse structure - Smaller than the anterior papillary muscle, connected to both mitral cusps location - Arises from the inferior wall of the left ventricle
aortic valve
what is - A three-cusped semilunar valve controlling blood flow from the left ventricle to the ascending aorta function - Prevents blood from returning to the left ventricle during diastole structure - Three cusps: right, left, and non-coronary, supported by fibrous rings location - Between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta, posterior to the left side of the sternum at the level of the 3rd intercostal space
right cusp of aortic valve (left ventricle)
what is - One of the three cusps of the aortic valve function - Closes during diastole to prevent regurgitation into the left ventricle structure - Semilunar shape with an aortic sinus at its base location - Anteriorly positioned within the aortic valve
RCA יוצא ממנו
left cusp of aortic valve (left ventricle)
what is - One of the three cusps of the aortic valve function - Prevents blood backflow during diastole structure - Concave-shaped cusp forming part of the valve closure mechanism location - Positioned to the left within the aortic valve
LCA יוצא ממנו
non-coronary cusp (left ventricle)
what is - The posterior cusp of the aortic valve, not associated with coronary artery openings function - Aids in closing the aortic valve to prevent regurgitation structure - Similar in shape and function to the other aortic valve cusps location - Positioned posteriorly within the aortic valve
trabeculae carneae
what is - Irregular muscle ridges lining the ventricles function - Reduce turbulence and aid in contraction efficiency structure - Bundles and ridges of myocardium forming a network along the ventricular walls location - Inner surfaces of the right and left ventricles
aortic sinuses
what is - Small dilations at the root of the ascending aorta, just above the cusps of the aortic valve function - Prevents valve cusps from sticking to the aortic wall and allows coronary artery filling structure - Three sinuses: right, left, and posterior (non-coronary) location - Superior to the aortic valve, at the origin of the ascending aorta
main bronchus
what is - The primary airway branch from the trachea function - Conducts air to each lung structure - Cartilaginous tube, right bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left location - Right and left bronchi bifurcate from the trachea at the level of the sternal angle and enter the lungs at the hila
lobar bronchi
what is - Secondary branches of the main bronchus function - Deliver air to each lung lobe structure - Right lung has three lobar bronchi, left lung has two location - Branch from the main bronchi, each entering a lung lobe
root of lung
what is - Collection of structures entering/exiting the lung at the hilum function - Conducts air, blood, lymph, and nerves into and out of the lung structure - Contains bronchi, pulmonary vessels, bronchial vessels, lymphatics, and nerves location - At the hilum of each lung, connecting to the mediastinum
base of lung
what is - Inferior surface of the lung function - Rests on the diaphragm, moves with respiration structure - Concave surface adapting to the diaphragm location - Inferior part of the lung, in contact with the diaphragm
apex of lung
what is - The superior tip of the lung function - Allows expansion into the root of the neck structure - Blunt, dome-shaped portion covered by cervical pleura location - Extends above the first rib into the supraclavicular fossa
costal LUNG surface
what is - Outer lung surface facing the ribs function - Allows lung expansion against the ribcage structure - Large, smooth, convex surface location - Faces the ribcage and intercostal muscles
medial LUNG surface
what is - Inner lung surface facing the mediastinum function - Houses the hilum, allows connection with mediastinal structures structure - Concave, accommodates the heart and great vessels location - Faces the mediastinum and vertebral column
pulmonary ligament
what is - A fold of pleura extending from the lung root function - Allows lung movement within the pleural cavity structure - Double-layered pleural fold location - Inferior to the lung root, extending towards the mediastinum
costomediastinal recess
what is - Potential pleural space near the sternum function - Allows lung expansion during deep inspiration structure - Formed by the reflection of the costal and mediastinal pleurae location - Anteriorly between the sternum and lung margin
costodiaphragmatic recess
what is - Potential space at the lung base function - Expands during deep inspiration, accumulates fluid in pathology structure - Crescent-shaped, formed by costal and diaphragmatic pleurae location - Inferior border of the lung, above the diaphragm
r. superior lobe
what is - The uppermost lobe of the right lung function - Facilitates gas exchange in the upper lung region structure - Separated from the middle lobe by the horizontal fissure location - Lies above the 1st rib, extending into the root of the neck
r. middle lobe
what is - The middle section of the right lung function - Participates in gas exchange structure - Bordered by the horizontal fissure superiorly and the oblique fissure inferiorly location - Between the 4th and 6th ribs on the anterior thoracic wall
r. inferior lobe
what is - The lower lobe of the right lung function - Supports oxygenation of blood in the lower lung fields structure - Separated by the oblique fissure from the superior and middle lobes location - Extends from the 6th rib anteriorly to the 10th rib posteriorly
oblique fissure
what is - A deep groove separating lung lobes function - Allows independent movement of lung lobes structure - Runs diagonally across the lung from posterior to anterior location - Extends from T2 vertebra posteriorly to the 6th costal cartilage anteriorly
horizontal fissure
what is - A transverse groove dividing the right lung function - Separates the superior and middle lobes structure - Runs nearly horizontal across the lung location - Lies along the 4th rib and costal cartilage anteriorly
cardiac impression
what is - A concave indentation on the lung’s mediastinal surface function - Accommodates the position of the heart structure - Deeper on the left lung, shallower on the right lung location - Medial side of both lungs, adjacent to the heart
groove for arch of azygos vein
what is - A groove on the right lung’s mediastinal surface function - Provides space for the arch of the azygos vein structure - A deep indentation superior to the hilum location - Superior to the root of the right lung
groove for superior vena cava
what is - A shallow groove on the right lung’s mediastinal surface function - Accommodates the superior vena cava structure - Vertical groove near the lung’s root location - Anterior to the root of the right lung
left superior lobe
what is - The uppermost lobe of the left lung function - Facilitates gas exchange, contains bronchopulmonary segments structure - Divided into bronchopulmonary segments, including the lingula location - Superior to the oblique fissure, extends above the first rib
left inferior lobe
what is - The lower lobe of the left lung function - Facilitates gas exchange in the lower lung structure - Contains multiple bronchopulmonary segments location - Inferior to the oblique fissure, rests on the diaphragm
oblique fissure
what is - A deep groove separating lung lobes function - Allows independent movement of lobes during respiration structure - Extends diagonally through the lung location - Runs from the level of T2 posteriorly to the 6th costal cartilage anteriorly
lingula
what is - A small, tongue-like projection of the left superior lobe function - Functions similarly to the middle lobe in the right lung structure - Thin, mobile lung segment location - Below the cardiac notch, extending into the costomediastinal recess
cardiac impression
what is - A concave indentation on the mediastinal surface of the lung function - Accommodates the heart’s position in the thoracic cavity structure - Deeper on the left lung due to the heart’s leftward position location - Medial surface of the left lung
groove for aortic arch
what is - A long, curved groove on the lung’s mediastinal surface function - Accommodates the arch of the aorta structure - A concavity above the hilum of the left lung location - Superior to the cardiac impression, along the mediastinal surface
cardiac notch
what is - A notch on the anterior border of the left lung function - Leaves space for the heart’s apex structure - Indentation on the superior lobe of the left lung location - Anterior border of the left lung, superior to the lingula
groove for thoracic aorta
what is - A vertical groove on the mediastinal surface of the left lung function - Accommodates the descending thoracic aorta structure - Deep, elongated concavity location - Posterior to the hilum, extending along the mediastinal surface of the left lung
parietal pleura
mediastinal part - Lines the mediastinum costal part - Lines the ribs and intercostal spaces diaphragmatic part - Covers the diaphragm cervical part - Covers the apex of the lung, extending into the neck
pulmonary artery
what is - The main artery carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs function - Delivers blood to the lungs for gas exchange structure - Arises from the pulmonary trunk and divides into right and left pulmonary arteries location - Originates from the right ventricle and bifurcates at the level of the sternal angle branches - Right and left pulmonary arteries → lobar arteries (superior, middle, inferior in the right lung; superior, inferior in the left lung) → segmental arteries supplying bronchopulmonary segments
superior pulmonary veins
what is - One of two pulmonary veins from each lung that return oxygenated blood to the heart function - Drains oxygenated blood from the upper lobes of the lungs structure - Thin-walled vein running independently from arteries and bronchi location - Extends from the superior lobe of each lung to the left atrium
inferior pulmonary veins
what is - One of two pulmonary veins from each lung that return oxygenated blood to the heart function - Drains oxygenated blood from the lower lobes of the lungs structure - Thin-walled vein running independently from arteries and bronchi location - Extends from the inferior lobe of each lung to the left atrium
pericardiacophrenic artery
what is - A branch of the internal thoracic artery function - Supplies the pericardium and diaphragm structure - Slender artery that runs alongside the phrenic nerve location - Descends between the pleura and pericardium toward the diaphragm
pericardiacophrenic vein
what is - A vein that drains blood from the pericardium and diaphragm function - Returns blood to the systemic circulation structure - Runs parallel to the pericardiacophrenic artery location - Drains into the brachiocephalic (or internal thoracic) veins
superior vena cava
what is - A large vein returning deoxygenated blood to the right atriumfunction - Drains blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and thoraxstructure - Formed by the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veinslocation - Superior mediastinum, right side of the sternum
right & left internal jugular veins
what is - Large veins draining blood from the brain, face, and neckfunction - Return blood to the heart via the brachiocephalic veinsstructure - Thick-walled veins running alongside the carotid arterieslocation - Descend in the neck, merge with the subclavian veins
right & left subclavian veins
what is - Major veins collecting blood from the upper limbsfunction - Transport blood to the brachiocephalic veinsstructure - Continuations of the axillary veinslocation - Pass under the clavicles, merge with internal jugular veins
right & left brachiocephalic veins
what is - Large veins draining the upper bodyfunction - Merge to form the superior vena cavastructure - Formed by the union of the subclavian and internal jugular veinslocation - Superior mediastinum, anterior to the aortic arch
arch of the azygos vein
what is - A venous arch connecting the azygos vein to the superior vena cavafunction - Provides collateral circulation between the superior and inferior vena cavastructure - Curved vein arching over the root of the right lunglocation - Right side of the superior mediastinum
ascending aorta
what is - The first portion of the aortafunction - Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to systemic circulationstructure - Thick-walled artery, approximately 2.5 cm in diameterlocation - Begins at the aortic valve, extends upward before forming the arch
arch of aorta
what is - The curved portion of the aortafunction - Gives rise to major arteries supplying the head, neck, and upper limbsstructure - A broad curve connecting the ascending and descending aortalocation - Superior mediastinum, posterior to the manubrium
brachiocephalic trunk
what is - The first major branch of the aortic archfunction - Supplies blood to the right side of the head and upper limbstructure - A short artery that bifurcates into the right subclavian and right common carotid arterieslocation - Superior mediastinum, anterior to the trachea
right subclavian artery
what is - An artery supplying the right upper limbfunction - Provides oxygenated blood to the arm and part of the brainstructure - Large elastic artery, gives rise to branches including the vertebral arterylocation - Arches over the first rib, passing posterior to the clavicle
right common carotid artery
what is - A major artery supplying the right side of the head and neckfunction - Divides into internal and external carotid arteries for brain and face circulationstructure - Thick-walled artery running parallel to the trachealocation - Extends upward from the brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid artery
what is - A major artery supplying the left side of the head and neckfunction - Divides into internal and external carotid arteriesstructure - Large, straight artery originating directly from the aortic archlocation - Superior mediastinum, runs alongside the trachea
pericardiacophrenic artery
what is - A branch of the internal thoracic arteryfunction - Supplies the pericardium and diaphragmstructure - Small artery running parallel to the phrenic nervelocation - Descends in the thorax, lateral to the heart
pericardiacophrenic vein
what is - Vein draining pericardium and diaphragm function - Returns blood to systemic circulation structure - Thin vein running with pericardiacophrenic artery and phrenic nerve location - Mediastinum, drains into internal thoracic vein → brachiocephalic vein
**left subclavian artery
** what is - The third branch of the aortic arch, supplying the left upper limb and thorax function - Provides blood to the arm, brain, and thoracic structures structure - Divides into several branches, including the internal thoracic artery and vertebral artery location - Arches over the first rib, passing between the anterior and middle scalene muscles
internal thoracic artery
what is - A branch of the subclavian artery supplying the anterior thoracic wall function - Provides blood to the intercostal spaces, sternum, and diaphragm structure - Descends along the inner surface of the thoracic cage, giving off anterior intercostal arteries location - Runs parallel to the sternum on the deep surface of the anterior thoracic wall
internal thoracic vein
what is - A vein that drains the anterior thoracic wall function - Returns blood from the intercostal spaces and sternum structure - Paired vein accompanying the internal thoracic artery location - Runs alongside the sternum, draining into the brachiocephalic vein
left phrenic nerve
what is - A motor and sensory nerve supplying the diaphragmfunction - Controls diaphragm movement and provides sensory innervation to pericardium and mediastinal pleurastructure - Long nerve descending from the cervical plexuslocation - Passes anterior to the root of the left lung, alongside the pericardium, and pierces the diaphragm
right phrenic nerve
what is - A motor and sensory nerve supplying the diaphragmfunction - Controls diaphragm movement and provides sensory innervation to pericardium and mediastinal pleurastructure - Long nerve descending from the cervical plexuslocation - Passes anterior to the root of the right lung, alongside the pericardium, and pierces the diaphragm near the vena cava opening
left vagus nerve
what is - A cranial nerve supplying parasympathetic innervation to thoracic and abdominal organsfunction - Regulates heart rate, digestion, and respirationstructure - Long nerve with multiple branches, including the left recurrent laryngeal nervelocation - Descends in the carotid sheath, passes posterior to the root of the left lung, and contributes to thoracic plexuses
right vagus nerve
what is - A cranial nerve supplying parasympathetic innervation to thoracic and abdominal organsfunction - Regulates heart rate, digestion, and respirationstructure - Long nerve with multiple branches, including the right recurrent laryngeal nervelocation - Descends in the carotid sheath, passes posterior to the root of the right lung, and contributes to thoracic plexuses
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
what is - A branch of the left vagus nerve looping around the aortic archfunction - Supplies motor innervation to intrinsic laryngeal muscles (except cricothyroid)structure - Curves around the aortic arch near the ligamentum arteriosumlocation - Ascends in the tracheoesophageal groove toward the larynx
trachea
what is - A fibrocartilaginous tube that conducts air to the lungsfunction - Transports air and filters debris via mucus clearancestructure - C-shaped cartilage rings with smooth muscle posteriorlylocation - Extends from the larynx (C6) to the carina (T4-T5)innervation - Vagus nerve (CN X) and sympathetic trunk
carina
what is - A ridge of cartilage at the tracheal bifurcationfunction - Directs airflow into the right and left main bronchistructure - Last tracheal cartilage, forming a keel-like ridgelocation - Internal tracheal landmark at the level of the sternal angleinnervation - Vagus nerve (CN X)
right main bronchus
what is - The primary airway to the right lungfunction - Conducts air into the right lungstructure - Shorter, wider, and more vertical than the leftlocation - Extends from the carina to the right lung hiluminnervation - Pulmonary plexus (vagus nerve and sympathetic trunk)
left main bronchus
what is - The primary airway to the left lungfunction - Conducts air into the left lungstructure - Longer and more horizontal than the right main bronchuslocation - Passes inferior to the aortic arch before entering the left lung hiluminnervation - Pulmonary plexus (vagus nerve and sympathetic trunk)
esophagus
what is - A muscular tube that transports food to the stomachfunction - Propels food via peristalsisstructure - Upper third is skeletal muscle, lower third is smooth musclelocation - Posterior to the trachea, extends from the pharynx to the stomachinnervation - Esophageal plexus (vagus nerve and sympathetic trunk)
ligamentum arteriosum
what is - A fibrous remnant of the fetal ductus arteriosusfunction - No function in adults, previously shunted blood from pulmonary artery to aortastructure - Fibrous connective tissuelocation - Between the arch of the aorta and the left pulmonary arter
thoracic aorta
what is - The continuation of the arch of the aorta function - Supplies blood to the thoracic wall, lungs, and esophagus structure - A large, descending artery located in the posterior mediastinum location - Begins at T4, descends along the left side of T5-T12, posterior to the root of the left lung
posterior intercostal arteries
what is - Segmental arteries supplying the intercostal spaces function - Provide oxygenated blood to intercostal muscles and thoracic wall structure - 9 pairs branching from the thoracic aorta location - Posterolaterally along the costal grooves of ribs 3-11
posterior intercostal veins
what is - Veins draining the intercostal spaces function - Return deoxygenated blood to the azygos and hemiazygos systems structure - 11 pairs running parallel to the arteries location - Along the inferior borders of the ribs, drain into the azygos/hemiazygos veins
superior intercostal vein
what is - A vein draining the upper intercostal spaces function - Returns blood from the 2nd-4th intercostal spaces structure - Formed by the union of the upper posterior intercostal veins location - Right vein drains into azygos; left vein drains into the brachiocephalic vein
azygos vein
what is - A major vein of the posterior mediastinum function - Drains blood from the thoracic wall and forms a collateral pathway between SVC and IVC structure - Unpaired vein running along the right side of the vertebral column location - Arches over the right main bronchus to empty into the superior vena cava
hemiazygos vein
what is - A tributary of the azygos system function - Drains the lower left posterior intercostal veins structure - Arises from the left subcostal and ascending lumbar veins location - Crosses at T9 to join the azygos vein
accessory hemiazygos vein
what is - A superior counterpart of the hemiazygos vein function - Drains the 4th-8th left intercostal veins structure - A longitudinal vein running along the left side of the vertebral column location - Crosses at T7-T8 to empty into the azygos or hemiazygos vein
esophageal arteries
what is - Small branches from the thoracic aorta function - Supply the esophagus with oxygenated blood structure - Usually two to five branches along the aorta location - Arise from the anterior aspect of the thoracic aorta, running toward the esophagus
