Lungs (9/22)

Question 1

What is respiration?

Answer 1

• Intake of O2 and removal of CO2
• Maintain homeostasis in pH, CO2, acid-base balance of blood
• Endocrine functions
• Defense functions

Question 2

How much air are humans moving?

Answer 2

• 10,000 liters/day
• 1/2 liter/breath
• 60 liters/breath

Question 3

Phases of respiration

Answer 3

• Ventilation
  • mouth
• Diffusion
  •Lungs
• Transportation
  •Heart/blood
• Utilization
  •Cells

Question 4

surface of gas exchange in respiratory system

Answer 4

alveoli

Question 5

conducting airways

Answer 5

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi

Question 6

musculo-skeleton “pumps”

Answer 6

rib cage, pleura, respiratory muscles

Question 7

Defense mechanisms: against penetration and retention

Answer 7

• Humidification, dilution, neutralization, absorption of gases
• Filtration of particulates
• Closing larynx
• Slow breathing, holding breath
• Bronchospasm

Question 8

Defense mechanisms: removal

Answer 8

• Cough
• Sneeze
• Gag
• Mucous transport
• Alveolar clearance

Question 9

How might a physiologic defense response result in disease?

Answer 9

• Cellular detoxification
• Immunologic processing
• Amplified- uncontrolled expression of those pathways

Question 10

Symptoms of respiratory disease

Answer 10

• Dyspenea on exertion at rest
• Cough
• Expectoration
• Hemoptysis
• Wheezing
• Chest tightness, pain
• Fatigue, weight loss

Question 11

Signs of respiratory disease

Answer 11

• Breathing rate, labored
• Wheezes, ronchi
• Crackles
• Dullness
• Breathsounds

Question 12

Diagnostic studies for respiratory diseases

Answer 12

• History and physical exam
• Imaging studies
• Chest xray, ct scan
• Pulmonary function test
• Exercise stress testing
• Sleep monitoring

Question 13

Invasive procedures

Answer 13

• Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy
• Transbronchial biopsy
• Percutaneous needle biopsy
• Open lung biopsy
• Video Assisted Thoracoscopy
• Thoracocentesis
• Pulmonary angiography

Question 14

T/F Occupational diseases CANNOT be prevented.

Answer 14

False. They are preventable.

Question 15

How are workers protected against occupational health issues?

Answer 15

Threshold or limit values established by ACGIH or OSHA

Question 16

ACGIH

Answer 16

• American Conferance of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

- Development of threshold limit values and biological exposure indices

Question 17

OSHA

Answer 17

• Occupational safety and health administration

- Sets guidelines for workplace safety and environmental concerns and enforces their regulations

Question 18

What is TLV-TWA?

Answer 18

Threshold limit value - time weighted average

Average exposure for an 8hr/day 5day/wk where most workers will have adverse effects if you go over it.

Question 19

What is TLV-STEL?

Answer 19

• Max concentration for up to 15 min that can cause chronic or irreversible changes in tissues or narcosis

Question 20

Examples of Occupational diseases

Answer 20

• Asthma
• Bronchitis
• Silicosis
• HP

Question 21

What is occupational asthma?

Answer 21

• Onset after entering workplace
• Association of symptoms to workplace
• Agent known to cause OA or Work-related changes in lung function

Question 22

Therapy for occupational asthma

Answer 22

• Same as for normal asthma

- Most imp: avoidance of exposure

Question 23

An ____-triggered irritant can cause autonomic activation

Answer 23

event

Question 24

Types of occupational alveolar injury

Answer 24

- Organic dusts
 • Allergic pneumonitis
- Inorganic dusts
 • Pneumoconiosis
- Chemicals
 • Pulmonary Edema or Diffuse Alveolar Damage

Question 25

What is hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Answer 25

• Lung disease resulting from sensitization and recurrent exposures to organic dust
• Bird Breeders
• Farmer’s lung

Question 26

Where might one get silica exposure?

Answer 26

• Mining
• Sand blasting
• Ceramics

Question 27

2 chemicals involved in Defective- Zamboni disease

Answer 27

CO and NO2