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Air Pollution 502 > Epidemiology (9/15) > Flashcards

Epidemiology (9/15) Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology defn

A

-The study of distribution and causes of health and illness in human populations
•And factors that influence or determine this distribution

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2
Q

Premise of epidemiology

A

Disease occurrence (or its outcome) is NOT random but can vary depending on a variety of characteristics and predisposing factors.

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3
Q

Incubation period

A
  • Time between exposure to an infectious agent and onset of symptoms
  • Varies based on dose, route, replicate rate, host responses
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4
Q

Epidemic defn

A

The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness or health-related event clearly in excess of normal expectancy

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5
Q

Timeline of Infectious Disease

A
  1. Infection (pathological onset)
  2. Incubation period
    - - clinical disease phase begins –
  3. First symptoms
  4. Diagnosis
  5. Outcome
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6
Q

Top 6 Causes of Death in Children

A

1) Malnutrition
2) Other
3) ARI
4) Diarrhea
5) Measles
6) Malaria

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7
Q

Prevalence rate per 1,000 (formula)

A

(no. of cases of disease present in pop. at specified time) / (no. of persons in pop. at specified time) x 1000

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8
Q

Incidence rate per 1,000 (formula)

A

(No. of new cases of disease in pop. during specified period of time) / (Number of persons exposed to risk of developing disease during that period of time) x 1000

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9
Q

Artifactual (Reasons for Change in Mortality Trends of Disease)

A
  • Errors in numerator
    • Due to classification of disease
    • Due to accuracy in reporting death
  • Errors in denom.
    •Errors in enumeration of pop.
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10
Q

Real (Reasons for Change in Mortality Trends of Disease)

A 
•Changes in age distribution 
 •Changes in survivorship
 •Changes in incidence of disease
   - Genetic factors
  - Environ. factors
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11
Q

What are the different Agents of disease?

A

1) Nutritive elements
2) Chemical agents
3) Physical agents
4) Infectious agents

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12
Q

Environmental factors

A

1) Physical environment
2) Biologic environment
3) Socioeconomic environment

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13
Q

What is the triangle for toxins?

A

Agents Environment Host

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14
Q

What is a retrospective study?

A

Using data from the past during a current study (looking backward)

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15
Q

What are host factors?

A
  • Genetics
  • Age
  • Sex
  • ethnic group
  • physiologic state
  • prior immunologic experience
  • intercurrent or preexisting disease
  • human behavior
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16
Q

prospective cohort study

A

Collects data on exposure at initiation of study & follows population in order to observe the occurrence of health outcomes at some time in future

17
Q

historical prospective study

A
  • Identify cohort defined in past on basis of existing stuff from past
  • Classify individuals in cohort.
  • Determine on basis of existing stuff from past, classify individuals in cohort
  • Determine whether disease has developed before now or follow into future evaluating
18
Q

Analytical vs. Descriptive (Epid. studies)

A

Analytical

  • Case control
  • Cohort
  • Clinical trials

Descriptive

  • Morbidity
  • Mortality
19
Q

Air pollution defn

A

the presence in the air of one or more contaminants or combinations of contaminants that can be injurious to human, animal, plant life, property, and interferes with normal conduct of business

20
Q

air pollutant defn

A
  • Substance in the air which adversely alters the environment by interfering with the health, the comfort, or the food chain, or by interfering with the property values of people.
  • Can originate from natural or anthropogenic source.
  • Ex) Acid rain, ozone, smog
21
Q

Weaknesses of indirect studies

A
  • Possibility of indirect association
  • Interpretation of negative results
  • Often look at agents one at a time
  • Comparability of data by place and time
  • Mobility problem
22
Q

Observational vs. Experimental studies

A
  • Observational is more data aggregation and analysis
    -Use that to build a hypothesis
  • Then you can do an experimental study based on that
    this which will lead to more studies in future
23
Q

What is the problem?

A
  • Small particulates from fossil fuels

- Indoor smoke

Air Pollution 502 (13 decks)

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