Cig. Health Effects Flashcards
When did cigarette production explode?
- 1885 when cigs could be made mechanically
When did # of cigarettes produced reach its peak?
1960’s
Wynder and Graham
- 1950
- First study done on smoking
- Interviewed cases on smoking, occupation
- Established relationship between lung cancer and smoking.
Problems with Wydner and Graham
- Interviewers not blind to disease status and controls.
- Different interviews.
- Case and controls from different places
Case-Control study of Lung Cancer and Cigarette Smoking (Retrospective)
- 1st Surgeon General’s report to confirm association between lung cancer and cigarette smoking (from Wynder study)
Case-Control study Problems
- Lots of variables not accounted for.
- Sample population not accurately reflective.
- Ascertainment of smoking habits inaccurate.
- Many other variables not investigated.
- Relative risk not shown.
Relative Risk
incidence rate of lung cancer in smokers / incidence rate of lung cancer in non-smokers
Cohort Studies I & Results
- Prospective
- Questionnaires sent to British physicians
- Followed deaths
- British physicians stopped smoking after learning it was bad.
- General rate of lung cancer increased.
Cohort Studies II & Results
- Hammond and Horn
- Determined dose-response relationship: the deeper you inhale, the worse it is for you.
- The longer since you quit smoking, the better.
- The younger you start smoking, the worse for your health.
Lung Cancer death rates about ___ for smoker than non-smoker.
10x
Two things that make cigarettes more addictive
menthol and nicotine
Side-stream and mainstream smoking are linked with _____.
heart disease.
T/F Some dudes went in front of Congress and swore “nicotine is not addictive.”
T
Who get more addicted to smoking: men or women?
women
What percentage of lung cancer deaths are caused by smoking
80-90%
