Lucas part 5

Question 1

what is work

Answer 1

Energy used to move an object by applying force (F) over a distance (d).
W= F x D

Question 2

UNIT FOR WORK

Answer 2

joules or newton meters (Nm)

Question 3

Work occurs only if there is ____ in the direction of the force.

Answer 3

movement

Question 4

why is pushing a box that doesn’t move NOT considered work

Answer 4

bc the box doesnt move in the direction it is pushed in

Question 5

What kind of contraction are you performing while holding a plank? Are you doing work?

Answer 5

isometric, no because there’s no movement when holding a plank

Question 6

in words, what is power

Answer 6

the rate at which work is done or energy is used.

Question 7

what is the formula for power

Answer 7

P = w/t = (fxd)/t = f x v

because v = d/t, therefore f/1 x d/t = f x v

v for shortening velocity

Question 8

unit for power is in

Answer 8

watts

Question 9

what’s the relationship between force and velocity

Answer 9

as force increase, velocity decreases

Question 10

in words, what’s the relationship between power and velocity (explain the power velocity curve), and force too

Answer 10

at high force and low velocity, power is low because there’s high force but low velocity and it’s not balanced
Example: heavy objects move very slow, weightlifters

at low force and high velocity, power is low because there’s low force and high velocity and it’s not balanced
Example: a small ball moving very fast

power peaks at intermediate force and velocity.
Example: cycling, sprinting, rowing

Question 11

systems used to generate ATP

Answer 11

Phosphocreatine
Glycolysis-Lactic Acid
Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 12

formula for phosphocreatine system

Answer 12

Cr−Pi+ADP→Cr+ATP

creatine plus ADP and Pi forms Creatine and ATP

Question 13

is the phosphocreatine system fast or slow in atp production

Answer 13

fast, 4 mol atp/min

Question 14

why is the phospho creatine system short lived

Answer 14

only provides energy for 5-8 seconds

Question 15

what does the Glycolysis-Lactic Acid System do

Answer 15

converts glucose to pyruvate and makes atp

Question 16

what is the speed of the Glycolysis-Lactic Acid System

Answer 16

moderate 2.5 atp/min

Question 17

does the Glycolysis-Lactic Acid System support high intensity activities

Answer 17

yes, at < 70% max effort

Question 18

the glycolysis lactid acid system produces ____ as a byproduct, which may affect muscle performance.

Answer 18

lactic acid

Question 19

what does the oxidative phsophorylation process do

Answer 19

Aerobic process using oxygen, glucose, and fatty acids to make atp

Question 20

is the oxidative phsophorylation system fast or slow

Answer 20

slow but efficient 1 mol atp/min

Question 21

what is the best system to make atp with for long term acitvity, low intensity

Answer 21

oxidative phosphorylation, < 70% max effort

Question 22

what is the fuel source for the first 5-10 minutes for oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 22

muscle glycogen

Question 23

what is the fuel source for 2-4 hours for oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 23

blood glucose and fatty acids

Question 24

3 types of muscle fibers

Answer 24

SO (Slow oxidative)
FOG (fast oxidative glyoclytic)
FG (fast glycolytic)

Question 25

what is the speed for SO, FOG, and FG in that order

Answer 25

SO: slow
FOG: fast
FG: fast

Question 26

metabolism for SO, FOG, and FG

Answer 26

SO: aerobic (oxidative)
FOG: mainly aerobic, some anaerobic (glycolytic)
FG: anaerobic (glycolytic)

Question 27

fatigue resistance for SO, FOG, and FG

Answer 27

SO: high resistance
FOG: moderate resistance
FG: low resistance

Question 28

applications for SO, FOG, and FG

Answer 28

SO: endurance activities (long-term), marathon running
FOG: middle distance (sustained power)
FG: sprints or weightlifting (short bursts of power)

Question 29

what is the mitochondria and blood supply for SO FOG and FG

Answer 29

SO: high mitochondria, high blood supply, red myoglobin
FOG: medium mitochondria, medium blood supply, pink myoglobin
FG: low mitochondria, low blood supply, white myoglobin

Question 30

whats the relationship between the SO, FOG, and FG and the force-power-velocity relationship

Answer 30

SO: narrower force and power curve
FOG: wider force and wider power curve
FG: in the middle

Question 31

glycogen stores for SO, FOG and FG

Answer 31

SO: low
FOG: medium
FG: high

Question 32

Max power for SO, FOG, and FG

Answer 32

SO: good
FOG: high
FG: very high

Question 33

what is the max efficiency in the human muscle in percent

Answer 33

25%

Question 34

Remaining energy from muscles is often lost as heat (e.g., from ____).

Answer 34

Calcium pumps

Question 35

Isometric contractions (e.g., holding a plank) are energetically ____ because no mechanical work is done. (efficient or inefficient)

Answer 35

inefficient

Question 36

Malignant Hyperthermia: cause mutations in calcium channels (e.g., DHPRs, RyRs) that lead to ____

Answer 36

constant Ca²⁺ release.

Question 37

what are some symptoms of malignant hyperthemia (that causes constant release of calcium…)

Answer 37

Overheating, excessive energy use, muscle rigidity.

Question 38

3 things endurance training increases

Answer 38

mitochondria, capillary density, muscle glycogen storage

Question 39

strength training increases 2 things

Answer 39

myofibirls, phosphocreatine/ATP stores

Question 40

2 types of fiber separated in fish

Answer 40

red fibres (oxidative): for steady swimming
white fibres (glycolytic): for fast bursts of energy

Question 41

while other vertebrates have (mixed or separated) fibers?

Answer 41

mixed

Question 42

You are riding a bike. On flat ground, your muscle was producing peak power. If you go on an incline, then what happens?

Is your leg moving slower or faster than before?

Is your muscle shortening slower or faster?

Is your muscle producing as much force as before?

How does power change?

Answer 42

Is your leg moving slower or faster than before?

Slower. Climbing a hill increases resistance, which reduces the velocity of your leg movements.
Is your muscle shortening slower or faster?

Slower. Muscle shortening velocity decreases as more force is required to push against the hill’s resistance.
Is your muscle producing as much force as before?

More force. Overcoming the incline requires greater force, even though velocity decreases.
How does power change?

Power depends on both force and velocity:

P=F×v
As velocity decreases and force increases, you may fall below peak power because muscles operate most efficiently at an intermediate velocity.

Question 43

A muscle fiber has enough ATP for ~3 seconds of activity at max power. Additional energy must come from other sources:

Answer 43

phosphocreatin, oxidative phsophorylation, glycolysis

Question 44

Why do muscles get warm during use?

Answer 44

During muscle activity, not all ATP energy is used for mechanical work (~25% max efficiency). The rest is released as heat.
ATP-consuming processes like the Ca²⁺ pumps (in the sarcoplasmic reticulum) and cross-bridge cycling generate thermal energy.