flynn 3

Question 1

Wave: Light has a wavelength that determines its color (shorter = ____, longer = ____).

Answer 1

blue, red

Question 2

____: The outermost transparent layer; provides most of the eye’s focusing power.
____: Adjustable for fine focus.
____: Regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
____: Contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) to detect light.

Answer 2

cornea, lens, iris, retina

Question 3

____: The clarity of vision depends on how well the eye can focus light.
____: Bending of light to focus it onto the retina.
Focusing at Distances:
____: Normal vision.
____(Nearsightedness): Light focuses in front of the retina; distant objects are blurry.
____ (Farsightedness): Light focuses behind the retina; close objects are blurry.
____: Age-related loss of lens elasticity, making near focusing difficult.

Answer 3

acuity, refraction, emmetropia, myopia, in front, distant, hyperopia, behind, close, presbyopia

Question 4

____: Uneven curvature of the cornea or lens, causing blurred vision.
____: Clouding of the lens, reducing light transmission.
____: Increased intraocular pressure damages the optic nerve

Answer 4

astigmatism
cataracts
glaucoma

Question 5

Rods:
Sensitive to ____ light.
Contain ____, which ____ down when exposed to light.

Answer 5

low, rhodopsin, breaks

Question 6

____:
Detect color.

Types based on wavelength sensitivity:
Blue (short): ____.
____ (medium): ____.
____ (long): Erythrolabe.

Answer 6

cones, cyanolabe, green, chlorolabe, red

Question 7

The central part of the retina with the highest concentration of cones for sharp vision is the

Answer 7

fovea

Question 8

A blind spot where the optic nerve exits the eye; no photoreceptors is the

Answer 8

optic disk

Question 9

Phototransduction mechanism

Light causes ____ changes in photopigments (e.g., rhodopsin in rods).
This triggers a cascade that converts ____ signals into ____ signals for the brain.

Answer 9

conformational, light, electircal

Question 10

in darkness, photoreceptors don’t release neurotransmitters. t or f

Light exposure ____ neurotransmitter release, signaling the brain.

Answer 10

false, they do

decreases

Question 11

Three cone types (blue, green, red) provide ____ vision.

Answer 11

trichromatic

Question 12

color blindness

Caused by the absence or malfunction of cone types.
Types include:

____ (most common).
____.
Complete color blindness ____

Answer 12

red-green, blue-yellow, rare

Question 13

which condition is the result of an opaque lens

Answer 13

cataracts

Question 14

which condition is the result of the eyeball being too long/lens being to strong

Answer 14

myopia

Question 15

which condition is the result of the eyeball being too short or the lens being weak

Answer 15

hyperopia

Question 16

Found in the retina, ____ cells are ____ that interact with bipolar and ganglion cells.

Answer 16

amacrine, interneurons

Question 17

____ connect photoreceptors (rods and cones) and help integrate signals across the retina.

Answer 17

Horizontal cells

Question 18

Large neurons that play a critical role in motor control by transmitting signals from the cerebellar cortex to deeper cerebellar structures. These are

Answer 18

purkinje

Question 19

Ganglion cells are the ____ neurons of the retina.

Function: They receive input from ____ and ____ cells and transmit visual information to the brain via the optic nerve.

Answer 19

output, biploar, amacrine