Habibi Part 1

Question 1

what are Hypophyseal hormones

Answer 1

Control secretion and peripheral actions.

Question 2

Hormones secreted by the pituitary regulate: (5 examples)

Answer 2

Uterine contractility,
milk production and secretion,
water balance,
blood pressure,
reproduction or growth or metabolism

Question 3

what are Hypothalamic Nuclei:

Answer 3

neurons in the hypothalamus that regulate pituitary function.

Question 4

some examples of hypothalmic nuclei (3)

Answer 4

Supraoptic nuclei.
Paraventricular nuclei.
Preoptic nuclei.

Question 5

formal name for pituitary is

Answer 5

hypophysis

Question 6

Anterior Pituitary is also known as

Answer 6

adenohypophysis

Question 7

the anterior pituitary is derived from

Answer 7

dorsal outgrowth of the buccal cavity (roof of the mouth).

Question 8

Posterior Pituitary is also known as

Answer 8

neurohypophysis

Question 9

posterior pituitary is dervied from

Answer 9

the brain

Question 10

Intermediate Lobe is found between the ___and the __

which species dont have an intermediate lobe

Answer 10

anterior and posterior pituitary

some mammals, birds, lamprey

Question 11

in the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary), name the 3 subsections of it (pars…)

Answer 11

Pars Distalis (anterior lobe):
Pars Intermedia (intermediate lobe).
Pars Tuberalis (tuberal lobe)

Question 12

in the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary), which lobe is the primary hormone secretion site

Answer 12

in the anterior lobe (pars distalis)

Question 13

2 sections of the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

Answer 13

Pars Nervosa (neural lobe or posterior lobe).
Infundibulum (stalk connecting hypothalamus to pituitary)

Question 14

pars nervosa is the

Answer 14

neural or posterior lobe

Question 15

infundibulum is the

Answer 15

stalk connecting the hypothalamus to the pituitary

Question 16

2 hormones produced by the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

Answer 16

(AVP) vasopressin and oxytocin

Question 17

____ is Also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Answer 17

AVP, vasopressin

Question 18

vasopressin is a ____ hormone with _ amino acids

Answer 18

peptide hormone with 9 amino acids

Question 19

which 2 examples of hypothalamic nuclei (neurons in hypothalamus that regulate pituitary function) synthesize vasopressin

Answer 19

supraoptic nuceli and paraventricular nuclei

Question 20

where is vasopressin transported to

Answer 20

posterior pituitary

Question 21

oxytocin is a ___ amino acid peptide

Answer 21

9 also, like vasopressin

Question 22

what are the 2 amino acids that differentiate vasopressin and oxytocin

Answer 22

oxytocin has isoleucine (3) and leucine (8)
vasopressin has phenylalanine (3) and arginine (8)

Question 23

what are the 2 types of vasopressin (adh) receptors

Answer 23

V1 and V2 receptors

Question 24

V1 receptors involve…

Answer 24

Mediate vascular smooth muscle contraction.

Question 25

V2 receptors involve

Answer 25

promote renal water absorption

Question 26

3 functions of avp/adh

Answer 26

regulate blood pressure, regulate osmolality, memory consolidation

Question 27

pathway of regulation of blood pressure

Answer 27

↓ Blood pressure → Baroreceptor activation → ↑ AVP secretion → increase Water retention (V2) + Vasoconstriction (V1), leads to increase blood pressure

Question 28

Regulation of Osmolality pathway

Answer 28

↑ Plasma osmolality (more sodium) → Osmoreceptor activation → ↑ AVP secretion → Water retention (V2) + Na⁺ excretion (V2), increase urine concentration

Question 29

A _ % change in __ can trigger AVP release.

Answer 29

1% in plasma osmolality

Question 30

2 functions of oxytocin

Answer 30

milk ejection and uterine contractions

Question 31

milk ejection is stimulated by ____, which activates __.

Answer 31

suckling, sensory nerves in nipples

Question 32

Oxytocin contracts _______ to eject milk.

Answer 32

myoepithelial cells in mammary gland

Question 33

For uterine contractions, oxytocin stimulates contraction of the ____ during labor.

Answer 33

myometrium

Question 34

increased plasma osmolality means more relased

Answer 34

avp

Question 35

explain the positive feedback loop for uterine contractions

Answer 35

Fetal descent stretches the uterus and cervix → ↑ Oxytocin → Stronger contractions → Further fetal descent and it keeps going

Question 36

in the anterior pituitary, gonadotropes produce which hormones

Answer 36

LH and FSH

Question 37

in the anterior pituitary, **lact**otropes produce which hormones

Answer 37

prolactin

Question 38

in anterior pituitary, **soma**totropes produces (soma = grow)

Answer 38

growth hormone

Question 39

in anteirpr pituitary, corticotropes produce

Answer 39

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 40

in anterior pituitary, thyrotropes produce

Answer 40

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

Question 41

Family I (Single Chain Proteins) include which 2 hormones

Answer 41

growth hormone, prolactin hormone first family is growing, and need lactate milk for baby lol

Question 42

Family II (Glycoproteins) include which hormones

Answer 42

TSH, FSH, LH

Question 43

Family III (POMC-Derived) includes what 2 hormones

Answer 43

acth and msh

Question 44

Growth hormone is stimulated by ____ and inhibited by ____. Secretion influenced by: (3 things)

Answer 44

ghrh (growth hormone releasing hormone) somatostatin increased by Hypoglycemia (+),High protein meals (+) but INHIBITED by Fatty acids (-)

Question 45

functions of growth hormone (3)

Answer 45

Promotes somatic growth via IGF-I (produced in the liver). Increases blood sugar by decreasing glucose uptake. Enhances lipolysis and protein synthesis.

Question 46

a deficiency in growth hormone leads to these 2 diseases

Answer 46

dwarfism (childhood) weakness, pale skin, low libido (adult)

Question 47

an excess of growth hormone can caused these disorders

Answer 47

gigantism (before growth plate closure): excessive height acromelagy (after growth plate closure): thickened bones

Question 48

2 functions of prolactin

Answer 48

Stimulates milk production Modulates reproductive function

Question 49

prolactin function in females

Answer 49

Supports lactation (milk) and suppresses ovulation (fsh)

Question 50

prolactin in males

Answer 50

Maintains LH receptors in testes and testosterone production

Question 51

explain thyorid hormone synthesis (4 steps)

Answer 51

Iodide Trapping: Oxidation: Iodination: Coupling:

Question 52

Iodide Trapping:

Answer 52

Active transport of iodide into thyroid cells.

Question 53

Oxidation:

Answer 53

Iodide → Iodine (mediated by peroxidase).

Question 54

Iodination

Answer 54

Tyrosine residues on Tg form MIT/DIT.

Question 55

coupling

Answer 55

DIT + DIT → T4; DIT + MIT → T3

Question 56

function of thyroid hormones

Answer 56

Increase oxygen consumption Promote bone growth and brain development

Question 57

2 disorders of thyroid

Answer 57

(less) hypothyroidism: Iodine deficiency causes: growth retardation fix: by thyroid hormone replacement (more) hyperthyroidism: excess metabolism fix: anti thyroid drugs or surgery