Habibi Part 3

Question 1

[ ] is regulated by hormones to maintain energy homeostasis, adapt to physiological demands, and respond to stress.

Answer 1

metabolism

Question 2

give 2 examples of pancreatic hormones

Answer 2

insulin and gulcagon

Question 3

2 examples of adrenal hormones

Answer 3

glucocorticoids and adrenaline

Question 4

what does insulin do

Answer 4

Decreases blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake and storage.

Question 5

what does glucagon do

Answer 5

Opposes insulin by** increasing blood glucose** levels through glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis.

Question 6

what do glucocorticoids (like cortisol) do

Answer 6

Mobilize energy during stress by breaking down proteins and fats.

Question 7

what does adrenaline do

Answer 7

Prepares the body for fight-or-flight responses by increasing glucose and fatty acid availability.

Question 8

what does growth hormone (GH) do

Answer 8

Enhances lipolysis and opposes insulin’s glucose-lowering effects.

Question 9

what does thyroid hormone (T3 or T4) do

Answer 9

Regulate basal metabolic rate and enhance protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism.

Question 10

what does prolactin do

Answer 10

Regulates metabolism during pregnancy and lactation

Question 11

what does estrogen do

Answer 11

Influence metabolic activity, especially during pregnancy, in ovulation stages

Question 12

in a 90g intake of gluocose, where does most of it go

Answer 12

to muscles

Question 13

in a 90g intake of glucose, where does it go least

Answer 13

fats

Question 14

order these: glucose-6-p, ATP, pyruvate, acetyl coa, TCA intermediates, glycogen, glucose, ribose 5p, lactate, amino acids, glycolysis, glycogen synthesis

Answer 14

glycogen –> glycogen synthesis—> glucose-6-p —-> glycolysis—>pyruvate–> acetyl coa —> TCA intermed —> ATP

glucose<——- glucose 6-p ——>ribose 5-p

lactate<—- pyruvate—-> amino acids

Question 15

the endocrine cells of the pancreas are contained in the pacreatic islets or [ ]

Answer 15

islets of langerhans

Question 16

The Islets of Langerhans within the pancreas contain specialized endocrine cells: 3 types

Answer 16

alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells

Question 17

alpha cells do what? what of beta cells? and delta cells?

Answer 17

alpha: secrete glucagon
beta: secrete insulin
delta: secrete somatostatin and gastrin.

Question 18

out of beta, delta, and alpha cells, which is the most in the islets

Answer 18

beta

Question 19

structure of insulin

insulin has [ ] amino acids in two chains [ ], connected by ____ (S-S) bonds.

Answer 19

51, A and B, disulfide

Question 20

insulin structure

Insulin is produced as a larger molecule, ____, which is cleaved to form ____ insulin and ____ .

Answer 20

proinsulin, active insulin, C-peptide

Question 21

what does insulin do

Answer 21

REDUCE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

Question 22

____ is the main hypoglycemic hormone

Answer 22

insulin

Question 23

the secretion of insulin is affected by: ____ blood glucose levels, ____ amino acid levels, ____ hormones (what type), and ____ by sympathetic activity from ____ (hormone, an alpha cell)

Answer 23

increased, elevated, gastrointestinal, inhibited, norepinephrine

Question 24

increases glucose uptake

insulin promotes glucose uptake by promoting glucose entry into what kind of cells

Answer 24

muscle, heart, and fat cells via GLUT4 transporters.

Question 25

what kind of cells does insulin NOT act on, in other words, where is glucose entry insulin independent

Answer 25

renal tubules, RBCs, liver, or brain

Question 26

how does insulin enhance glycogen storage

Answer 26

Activates glycogen synthase, ot allow for storage

Question 27

how does insulin promote lipogenesis

Answer 27

Increases fat synthesis by enhancing glucose transport into fat cells

Question 28

insulin promotes amino acid ____ and ____ protein breakdown.

Answer 28

uptake, reduces

Question 29

insulin ____ fat breakdown to conserve energy stores.

Answer 29

reduces

Question 30

insulin ____ glucose oxidation in adipose or fat tissue

Answer 30

increase

Question 31

what disease is this: Autoimmune destruction of beta cells, leading to insulin deficiency.

Answer 31

T1D

Question 32

what disease is this: Reduced insulin sensitivity or secretion, often associated with obesity.

Answer 32

T2D

Question 33

glucagon has ____ amino acids and is a ____ molecule that ____ insulin

Answer 33

29, hyperglycemic, anatagonizes

Question 34

which cells, alpha, beta or delta, releases insulin

Answer 34

beta

Question 35

how is glucagon stimulated to be released (2 ways)

Answer 35

low glucose levels and increased amino acid levels

Question 36

what cell type releases glucagon

Answer 36

alpha cells

Question 36

what does glucagon do in the liver

Answer 36

breaks down glycogen or converts AA and fats into glucose in the liver.

Question 37

The adrenal gland has two regions:

Answer 37

adrenal medulla and cortex

Question 38

what does the adrenal medulla do

Answer 38

secrete hormones like adrenaline, dopamine, and noradrenaline

Question 39

3 roles of adrenaline

Answer 39

increases glucose
stimulates fat breakdown
inhibits insulin and promotes glucagon

Question 40

the adrenal cortex is split into these 3 parts: Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, and Zona Reticularis. what do each do.

Answer 40

Glo: mineralocorticoids e.g., aldosterone
Fasci: glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)
Reticularis: gonadocorticoids (e.g., androgens

Question 41

for glucorticoid secretion, like cortisol, what regulates it

Answer 41

HPA axis

Question 42

for glucocorticoid secretion like cortisol, what does the hypothalmus, pituitary and adrenal cortex each release

Answer 42

H: CRH (cortico tropin releasing hormone)
P: ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
A: cortisol

Question 43

how does cortisol affect the liver

Answer 43

more glucose, promotes glycogen synthesis

Question 44

how does cortisol affect the muscle and fat

Answer 44

increases protein breakdown, fat breakdown, releases amino acids for free enrgy

Question 45

what does cortisol do to the immune system

Answer 45

supress immune system

Question 46

which hormone causes hyperglycemia and muscle wasting

Answer 46

high cortisol levels

Question 47

Summary of Hormonal Effects on Metabolism

Answer 47

Insulin:
Lowers blood glucose by increasing uptake and storage.
Promotes an anabolic state (building molecules like glycogen and fat).

Glucagon:
Raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis.
Promotes a catabolic state (breaking down stores for energy).

Adrenaline:
Mobilizes energy in fight-or-flight situations.
Increases glucose and fatty acids in circulation.

Cortisol:
Long-term stress response hormone.
Promotes energy availability by breaking down proteins and fats.