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ZOOL 461 midterm 2 > Habibi Part 2 > Flashcards

Habibi Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

GnRH stands for

A

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

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2
Q

What is GnRH

A

a decapeptide(10 amino acids) hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus. It acts as a central regulator of reproduction.

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3
Q

GnRH is produced by [blank] neurons in the hypothalamus.

A

neurosecretory

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4
Q

GnRH is released in a [blank] manner to the [blank] pituitary gland via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.

A

pulsatile, anterior pituitary gland

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5
Q

Why is GnRH released in a pulsatile manner

A

for proper stimulation of LH and FSH production.

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6
Q

2 horomones involved int he function of GnRH

A

LH and FSH

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7
Q

What does LH do

A

Supports ovulation in females and testosterone production in males.

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8
Q

What does FSH do

A

Stimulates follicular development in females and spermatogenesis in males.

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9
Q

GnRH is used to treat [blank] puberty to delay [blank] and hormone dependent conditions like [blank] and hormone-sensitive cancers like prostate or [blank] cancer

A

precocious, to delay early onset of puberty,
endometriosis, breast

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10
Q

Across different species with GnRH, what conserved regions show functional importance (in the gene)

A

(N- and C-terminal)

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11
Q

effects of opiates

[blank] inhibits pulsatile release of GnRH

A

OPIATES

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12
Q

effects of opiates

estrogen stimulates [blank] which stimulates [blank] which leads to [blank] surge during ovulation

A

kiss peptiN, GnRH, LH

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13
Q

negative feedback for males in reportuduction

In males, [blank] like testosterone inhibit GnRH and [blank] secretion.

A

androgens, LH/FSH

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14
Q

negative feedback for females reproduction

In females, a combination of [blank and blank] suppresses [blank] during the luteal phase.

A

estrogen and progesterone, LH and FSH

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15
Q

ovarian cycle is divided into two main components

A

follicular phase (12-16) and luteal phase (10-16)

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16
Q

in the follicular phase, [blank] stimulates the growth of a cohort of [blank] from the resting pool

A

FSH, follicles

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17
Q

still on the follicular phase, ne follicle becomes dominant and matures into the [blank]

A

Graafian follicle (20–25 mm).

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18
Q

inhibin and activin are [blank] and belong to the transforming growth factor [blank] family

A

gonadal peptides, beta

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19
Q

function of inhibin

A

inhibits secretion of FSH without affecting LH

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20
Q

function of activin

A

activin stimulates secretion of FSH, indepndent of GnRH

21
Q

progression of follicles:

A

primary follicle → secondary follicle (theca and granulosa cells increase) → {space fills with follicular fluid and form) antrum—> preovulatory follicle (20-25mm)

22
Q

follicles undergo atresia…what is this

A

degeneration including loss of oocyte

23
Q

follicular phase includes 2 things

A

maturation of oocyte and ovulation

24
Q

After ovulation, the [blank] cells of the follicle form the [blank], which secretes [blank] to maintain uterine readiness.

A

granulosa and theca, corpus luteum, progesterone

25
Q

If no pregnancy occurs, the [blank] degenerates, leading to menstrual shedding.

A

corpus luteum

26
Q
A
27
Q

which hormone is high at ovulation

A

LH, supports ovulation in females

28
Q

which hormone is high at the beginning of follicular phase

A

FSH , stimulates follicular development in females

29
Q

estradiol levels increase during the [follicular or luteal phase] stimulating GnRH and subsequently [blank], which triggers ovulation

A

follicular, LH/FSH

30
Q

After ovulation, which hormone dominates? and why?

A

Progesterone dominates, maintaining the uterine lining.

31
Q

If pregnancy occurs, chorionic gonadotropin maintains the [blank].

A

corpeus luteum

32
Q

life span of human corpeus luteum is how many days

A

14 days

33
Q

which hormone dominates during the corpeus lutuem phase

A

progeserone

34
Q

which hormone is highest at ovulation

A

estrogen

35
Q

if pregnancy occurs, chorionic gonadotropin secretion prolongs [ ] secretion and maintains the pregnancy

A

progesterone

36
Q

whcih is higher during ovulation, LH or FSH

A

LH

37
Q

ALL steroid hormones are derived from [ ] and only differ in the [ ] structure and [ ] chains attached

A

cholestrol, ring structure, side chains

38
Q

are all steroid hormones lipid soluble

A

yes

39
Q

what is the pathway for steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol → Pregnenolone → Progesterone/Testosterone → Estradiol.

40
Q

in the pathway for steroid hormones, what converts testosterone to estradiol

A

aromatase

41
Q

general effects of estrogen include

A

Develop female secondary sexual characteristics.
Maintain reproductive organs and influence skeletal growth.

42
Q

general functions of progestogens include

A

Prepare the uterus for implantation.
Prevent uterine contractions to support pregnancy.

43
Q

Testis Functions include

A

Produce spermatozoa and secrete androgens, regulate gonadotropin release, influence non reproductive components

44
Q

which hormone regulates this: Stimulates spermatogenesis and development of reproductive organs

A

androgens like dht and testosterone

45
Q

which hormones regulate this: Growth of body hair, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle mass.

A

androgens like testosterone and dht

46
Q

which hormones regulate this: increases libido and aggression.

A

androgens like testosterone and dht

47
Q

what does inhibin do

A

Suppresses FSH secretion.

48
Q

what does activin do

A

Enhances FSH release and supports follicle growth.

49
Q

what happens in menopause

A

Decline in ovarian hormone production (estrogen and progesterone).

ZOOL 461 midterm 2 (13 decks)

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