Habibi Part 2 Flashcards
GnRH stands for
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
What is GnRH
a decapeptide(10 amino acids) hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus. It acts as a central regulator of reproduction.
GnRH is produced by [blank] neurons in the hypothalamus.
neurosecretory
GnRH is released in a [blank] manner to the [blank] pituitary gland via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.
pulsatile, anterior pituitary gland
Why is GnRH released in a pulsatile manner
for proper stimulation of LH and FSH production.
2 horomones involved int he function of GnRH
LH and FSH
What does LH do
Supports ovulation in females and testosterone production in males.
What does FSH do
Stimulates follicular development in females and spermatogenesis in males.
GnRH is used to treat [blank] puberty to delay [blank] and hormone dependent conditions like [blank] and hormone-sensitive cancers like prostate or [blank] cancer
precocious, to delay early onset of puberty,
endometriosis, breast
Across different species with GnRH, what conserved regions show functional importance (in the gene)
(N- and C-terminal)
effects of opiates
[blank] inhibits pulsatile release of GnRH
OPIATES
effects of opiates
estrogen stimulates [blank] which stimulates [blank] which leads to [blank] surge during ovulation
kiss peptiN, GnRH, LH
negative feedback for males in reportuduction
In males, [blank] like testosterone inhibit GnRH and [blank] secretion.
androgens, LH/FSH
negative feedback for females reproduction
In females, a combination of [blank and blank] suppresses [blank] during the luteal phase.
estrogen and progesterone, LH and FSH
ovarian cycle is divided into two main components
follicular phase (12-16) and luteal phase (10-16)
in the follicular phase, [blank] stimulates the growth of a cohort of [blank] from the resting pool
FSH, follicles
still on the follicular phase, ne follicle becomes dominant and matures into the [blank]
Graafian follicle (20–25 mm).
inhibin and activin are [blank] and belong to the transforming growth factor [blank] family
gonadal peptides, beta
function of inhibin
inhibits secretion of FSH without affecting LH
function of activin
activin stimulates secretion of FSH, indepndent of GnRH
progression of follicles:
primary follicle → secondary follicle (theca and granulosa cells increase) → {space fills with follicular fluid and form) antrum—> preovulatory follicle (20-25mm)
follicles undergo atresia…what is this
degeneration including loss of oocyte
follicular phase includes 2 things
maturation of oocyte and ovulation
After ovulation, the [blank] cells of the follicle form the [blank], which secretes [blank] to maintain uterine readiness.
granulosa and theca, corpus luteum, progesterone
If no pregnancy occurs, the [blank] degenerates, leading to menstrual shedding.
corpus luteum
which hormone is high at ovulation
LH, supports ovulation in females
which hormone is high at the beginning of follicular phase
FSH , stimulates follicular development in females
estradiol levels increase during the [follicular or luteal phase] stimulating GnRH and subsequently [blank], which triggers ovulation
follicular, LH/FSH
After ovulation, which hormone dominates? and why?
Progesterone dominates, maintaining the uterine lining.
If pregnancy occurs, chorionic gonadotropin maintains the [blank].
corpeus luteum
life span of human corpeus luteum is how many days
14 days
which hormone dominates during the corpeus lutuem phase
progeserone
which hormone is highest at ovulation
estrogen
if pregnancy occurs, chorionic gonadotropin secretion prolongs [ ] secretion and maintains the pregnancy
progesterone
whcih is higher during ovulation, LH or FSH
LH
ALL steroid hormones are derived from [ ] and only differ in the [ ] structure and [ ] chains attached
cholestrol, ring structure, side chains
are all steroid hormones lipid soluble
yes
what is the pathway for steroid hormones
Cholesterol → Pregnenolone → Progesterone/Testosterone → Estradiol.
in the pathway for steroid hormones, what converts testosterone to estradiol
aromatase
general effects of estrogen include
Develop female secondary sexual characteristics.
Maintain reproductive organs and influence skeletal growth.
general functions of progestogens include
Prepare the uterus for implantation.
Prevent uterine contractions to support pregnancy.
Testis Functions include
Produce spermatozoa and secrete androgens, regulate gonadotropin release, influence non reproductive components
which hormone regulates this: Stimulates spermatogenesis and development of reproductive organs
androgens like dht and testosterone
which hormones regulate this: Growth of body hair, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle mass.
androgens like testosterone and dht
which hormones regulate this: increases libido and aggression.
androgens like testosterone and dht
what does inhibin do
Suppresses FSH secretion.
what does activin do
Enhances FSH release and supports follicle growth.
what happens in menopause
Decline in ovarian hormone production (estrogen and progesterone).
