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Microbiology > LP8 Disease States > Flashcards

LP8 Disease States Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Impetigo-
Direct/Indirect-
Skin

A

Caused by Staphylococcus sp. (GPC-clusters) and Streptococcus sp. (GPC-chains), ID by S&S-infected crusty scab, gram stain and culture; treat with topical or oral antibiotics; prognosis good- practice hand hygiene and use of antiseptics

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2
Q

Scalded Skin Syndrome-
Direct/Indirect-
Skin

A

Caused by Staphylococcus aureus ( a toxin producing strain). ID by S&S-high fever, red peeling skin, gram stain (GPC-clusters), culturing and toxin testing; treat with antibiotics and fluid replacement; prognosis good to serious enough to cause death-practice aseptic technique

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3
Q

Conjunctivitis (Pink eye)-
Direct/Droplet-
Skin

A

Caused by Staphylococcus aureus (GPC), Streptococcus pneumoniae (GPC), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GN-diplococcus), Haemophilus influenzae (GN-coccobacillus), Pseudomonas sp. (GNR), Adenovirus and Enterovirus; ID by S&S-red puffy eyes with drainage, gram stain, culture, viral studies; treat with antibiotics immune system defences; prognosis good if not immunocompromised- good hand hygiene to prevent spread

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4
Q

Gas Gangrene-
Endospores-
Skin

A

Caused by Clostridium perfringens (GPR-endospores introduced via trauma); ID by S&S-infected tissue with gas, blackening appearance, foul odor, gram stain, anaerobic culture; treat with antibiotics, drainage tubes, hyperbaric chamber; prognosis good to fatal- practice aseptic technique

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5
Q

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) / Cystitis (inflammation of the bladder)-
Fecal contamination/invasive procedures-Urogenital

A

Caused by Escherichia coli (GNR-80%) and other enterics like Staphylococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. (GPC-20%) from invasive procedures, fecal contamination, catheters; ID by S&S-fever, low back pain, frequent/painful urination, gram stain, culture; treat with antibiotics; prognosis good can lead to kidney infection or septicemia

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6
Q

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)-
Normal Flora/Tampons-
Urogenital

A

Caused by Staphylococcus aureus (GPC); ID by S&S-fever, low blood pressure, red rash, vomiting, diarrhea, drainage from wounds, gram stain, culture; treat with antibiotics; prognosis good can be fatal- decrease use of super absorbent tampons to decrease abrasions

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7
Q

Gonorrhea-
Sexual/Mother to Fetus (vaginal births only)-
Urogenital

A

Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GNC); sexual contact or passes from mother to child in vaginal deliveries, ID by S&S-(can be asymptomatic) fever, pelvic pain, drainage, joint pain, bleeding between menstrual cycles and vulvar soreness, gram stain, culture using Thayer-Martin media; treat with antibiotics; prognosis good if treated can cause sterility, arthritis, often multiple STD’s present- avoid multiple partners, condoms and cesarean sections help reduce incidence

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8
Q

Syphilis-
Sexual/Mother to Fetus-
Urogenital

A

Caused by Treponema pallidum (GN-spirochete); ID by S&S-red papule/ulcer or hard painless chancre, headache, fever, malaise, arthritis,enlarged spleen, liver, lymph nodes, dark field illumination microscopy to see spirochetes, VDRL or RPR, fluorescent antibody tests; treat with antibiotics; prognosis good if treated otherwise fatal; spread via sex through infected individuals, open sores, blood transfusions, mother to fetus via the placenta

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9
Q

Streptococcal pharyngitis (Strep throat)- Droplet/Indirect-
Upper/Lower Respiratory

A

Caused by Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus Group A or Streptococcus pyogenes (GPC); ID by S&S-red swollen tonsils, sore throat, chills, swollen lymph nodes, rapid Strep screen, gram stain, culture, Bacitracin test; treat with antibiotics; prognosis good if treated can lead to Scarlet fever, Rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis- avoid contact with infected individuals

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10
Q

Diphtheria-
Droplet-
Upper/Lower Respiratory

A

Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae (GPR) or toxin; ID by S&S-pseudomembrane covering back of throat, bleeding of scrapped membrane, toxin can cause heart, nerve and kidney damage, culture nasal/oral secretions; treat with antibiotics/antitoxin; prognosis good if treated fatal if not- prevent with vaccine DTaP/DTP (every ten yrs)

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11
Q

Otitis Media-
Via Eustachian tube-
Upper/Lower Respiratory

A

Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (GPC), Streptococcus pyogenes (GPC), Haemophilus influenzae (GN-coccobacillus), Staphylococcus aureus (GPC), Klebsiella sp. (GNR), Pseudomonas sp. (GNR), and Proteus sp. (GNR); ID by gram stain/culture and S&S: fever, discomfort ear pain, drainage, problems with hearing and balance; treat with antibiotics, and tubes/vents for drainage; prognosis good if not treated can lead to hearing loss- eustachian tube position change improves with age

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12
Q

Pertussis (Whooping cough)-
Droplet-
Upper/Lower Respiratory

A

Caused by Bordetella pertussis (GN-coccobacillus)- toxin; ID by S&S- fever, congestion,coughing, vomiting, blood tinged sputum, culture sputum and nasopharyngeal secretions- selective media used, treat using antibiotics, antitoxin, suctioning airways, rehydration and oxygen therapy; prognosis good if treated, fatal if not- vaccine DTaP/DTP every ten yrs.

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13
Q

Pneumonia-
Droplet-
Upper/Lower Respiratory

A

Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (80%) (GPC), Klebsiella pneumoniae (GNR), Staphylococcus aureus (GPC), Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Coronavirus (SARS), and influenza; ID by S&S-fever, chills chest pain, difficulty breathing, congestion, cough, blood tinged sputum, gram stain, culture, xray, optochin test (S. pneumoniae); treat with antibiotics, fever reducers, immune defense system; prognosis good if treated can lead to septicemia- vaccine for S. pneumoniae and influenza

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14
Q

Legionnaires Disease-
Water-Airborne-
Upper/Lower Respiratory

A

Caused by Legionella pneumophila (GNR); ID by S&S-headache, muscle pain, fever, vomiting, chills, chest pain, congestion, gram stain, culture, selective media and fluorescent antibody testing; treat with antibiotics; prognosis good if treated can lead to kidney failure, intravascular coagulation and death- disinfect humidifiers, vaporizers, air conditioners and industrial water coolers can be airborne and waterborne

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15
Q

Tuberculosis-
Droplet/indirect-
Upper/Lower Respiratory

A

Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (no gram reaction- use Acid Fast Stain), ID by S&S-fever, chills, cough, weight loss and night sweats- PPD skin testing, chest x-ray, Acid Fast Stain (AFB) and culture; treatment with antibiotics (INH or Rifampin) for 6-12 mo.; Prognosis good but body can wall off organism and remain viable to cause a latent infection. Universal precautions used to prevent spread.

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16
Q

Food Poisoning- Ingestion/Microbial multiplication/Infection-
Foodborne (fecal/oral contamination)-
Gastrointestinal

A

Caused by Salmonella (GNR), Shigella spp. (GNR), Campylobacter spp. (GNR), Yersinia spp. (GNR), pathogenic strain of E.coli (traveler’s diarrhea)- GNR; ID by S&S-abdominal pain and cramping, fever, diarrhea, blood-tinged stools, malaise, vomiting, stool culture, temperature of 42 C and special media required for Campylobacter sp.; treat with antibiotics and fluid replacement ; prognosis good, full recovery; severe consequences of E. coli can be kidney failure and death, Shigella causes ulceration and bleeding of the intestinal lining. Salmonella is usually self-limiting, Campylobacter is the leading cause of gastroenteritis and can be prevented by proper cooking and handling of raw poultry.

17
Q

Food Poisoning-Toxin Producers/Ingesting bacteria that multiply and produce a toxin-Intoxication- ,
Foodborne (food/water/opportunistic)-
Gastrointestinal

A

Caused by Clostridium difficile (GPR), Vibrio cholerae (GNR) and Bacillus cereus (GPR); ID by S&S-abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, severe dehydration with Vibrio sp., stool culture, toxin test for C. diff; treat with antibiotics, fluid replacement; prognosis good, full recovery; can be fatal in cases with Vibrio cholerae- monitor antimicrobial therapy, proper handling, and preparation of food, potable water supply (food or waterborne) but can be opportunistic.

18
Q

Food Poisoning- Ingestion of preformed Toxins/Intoxication-
Foodborne (toxins in food)-
Gastrointestinal

A

Caused by Staphylococcus aureus (GPC)and Clostridium botulinum (GPR); ID by stool culture, S&S-evident 1-8 hrs after ingestion due to toxin; Staph→abdominal pain and cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; Clostridium botulinum→vomiting, cramps, difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing and speaking, double vision, paralysis; treat with antibiotics, fluid replacement; prognosis good, full recovery; can be fatal in cases with Vibrio cholerae- monitor antimicrobial therapy, proper handling, and preparation of food, potable water supply

19
Q

Septicemia (Bacteremia- treated septicemia)-
Invasive procedures-
Systemic

A

Caused by various Gram negative and Gram positive microorganisms; ID by blood cultures, S&S-fever, lymphangitis, decrease in blood pressure leads to shock; treat with antibiotics; Prognosis good but can cause death (50-70% mortality)- Good aseptic technique, proper diagnosis and treatment of infectious disease. Can be caused by Nosocomial Infections and secondary infections leading to septicemia.

20
Q

Anthrax-
Foodborne/Airborne/Cutaneous-
Systemic

A

Caused by Bacillus anthracis (GPR)-endospores; ID by culture skin and blood using selective media, serology testing, S&S-
respiratory-clots and swelling blocked airways, GI-intestinal discomfort similar to food poisoning, cutaneous-lesions on skin turn black and necrotic; treat with antibiotics; prognosis-respiratory is usually fatal, can lead to septicemia and meningitis- occupational/exposure vaccine available for humans and animals.

21
Q

Lyme Disease-
Vector/Mother to Fetus-
Systemic

A

Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi (GN-spirochete); ID by S&S-Red “bull’s eye rash”, malaise, fever, headache, stiff neck, muscle aches, joint pain, serology testing-acute and convalescent serum studies for antibody titer; treat with antibiotics; prognosis-Good if treated, Permanent cardiac and neurological damage can develop if not treated. Avoid tick infested areas, inspect for tick bites or rash.

22
Q

Toxoplasmosis-
Ingestion/Airborne/Mother to Fetus-
Systemic

A

Caused by Toxoplasma gondii (GNR); ID by serology testing for antibody titer, identifying parasite in blood, CSF, or other body fluid, S&S-“flu-like” symptoms, swollen lymph nodes, muscle pain, asymptomatic; treatment- self limiting, anti-parasitic medication; prognosis- If not immunocompromised very good, in severe cases blindness, impaired cognitive skills and motor functions-Keep pet cats indoors, use care when cleaning litter boxes and playing in sandboxes.

23
Q

Meningitis-
Droplet (primary infection leads to secondary infection-
Systemic

A

Caused by Haemophilus influenzae (GN-coccobacillus), Streptococcus pneumoniae (GPC), Beta hemolytic Streptococcus Group B (GPC), Neisseria meningitidis (GN-diplococcus), Enteroviruses, Varicella-zoster; ID by gram stain, CSF culture, serology testing, S&S: Fever, chills, stiff neck, sensitivity, sensitivity to bright light, altered state of consciousness, vomiting; Treat with antibiotics, treat signs and symptoms with antipyretics or anti-inflammatories, bed rest; prognosis-good if treated but can be life threatening (bacteria), self-limiting (viral)- Vaccinations for Haemophilus influenzae (HIB), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis.

24
Q

Tetanus-
Indirect/puncture wound-
Bacteria/Endospore/Toxin-
Systemic

A

Caused by Clostridium tetani (GPR)- bacteria or endospores via trauma; ID by gram stain and anaerobic culture, S&S: Muscle spasms, muscle stiffness, arched back, clenched fists and jaw, paralysis of respiratory muscles; treat with antibiotics/antitoxins; prognosis-good if treated, can be life threatening- Vaccination DTaP/DTP (every ten yrs).

Microbiology (8 decks)

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