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Microbiology > LP6 Host Microbe/Epidemiology/Nosocomial > Flashcards

LP6 Host Microbe/Epidemiology/Nosocomial Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Symbiosis

A

The living together of two different kinds of organisms

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2
Q

Pathogen

A

Any organism capable of causing disease in its host

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3
Q

Host

A

Any organism that harbors another organism

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4
Q

Infection

A

The multiplication of a parasite organism, usually microscopic, within or upon the host’s body

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5
Q

Infestation

A

The presence of helminths (worms) or arthropods in or on a living host.

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6
Q

Arthropods

A

Largest group of living organisms, characterized by a jointed chitinous exoskeleton, segmented body and jointed appendages associated with some or all segments.

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7
Q

Contamination

A

The presence of microscopic organisms on inanimate objects (fomites) or surfaces of the skin and mucous membranes.

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8
Q

Disease

A

A disturbance in the state of health wherein the body cannot carry out all of its normal functions.

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9
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The capacity to produce disease.

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10
Q

Virulence

A

The degree of intensity of the disease produced by a pathogen.

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11
Q

Attenuation

A

The weakening of a disease-producing ability of an organism

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12
Q

Microbial Antagonism

A

The ability of normal microbiota to compete with pathogenic organisms and in some instances to effectively combat their growth

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13
Q

Incidence Rate

A

The number of new cases of a particular disease per 100,000 population seen in a specific period of time. A rate is a unit of %.

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14
Q

Prevalence Rate

A

The number of people infected with a particular disease at any one time. A rate is a unit of %.

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15
Q

Morbidity Rate

A

The number of persons contracting a specific disease in relation to the total population ( cases per 100,000). A rate is a unit of %.

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16
Q

Mortality Rate

A

The number of deaths from a specific disease in relation to the total population. A rate is a unit of %.

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17
Q

Endemic

A

The first classification of disease based on epidemiology. Referring to a disease that is constantly present in a specific population. (i.e. common cold, influenza)

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18
Q

Epidemic

A

The second classification of disease based on epidemiology. Referring to a disease that has a higher than normal incidence in a population over a relatively short period of time. (i.e. Polio, AIDS, TB)

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19
Q

Pandemic

A

The third classification of disease based on epidemiology. An epidemic that has become worldwide. (i.e. coronavirus, cholera, influenza, AIDS, small pox)

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20
Q

Sporatic

A

The fourth classification of disease based on epidemiology. A disease that is limited to a small number of isolated cases posing no great threat to a large population. (i.e. food poisoning, Legionnaire’s disease)

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21
Q

Mutualism

A

Both species benefit- humans provide residence for microbes Example: Intestinal flora of human

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22
Q

Commensalism

A

One species benefits but the other species neither benefits of is harmed Example: Skin flora on humans

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23
Q

Parasitism

A

One species benefits but the other is harmed parasite benefits from nutrients but it takes nutrients away from the host Example: Tapeworm

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24
Q

Resident Flora

A

Species are always present on skin, oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, intestinal tract and urogenital tract

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25
Q

Transient Flora

A

Species are present only during certain conditions Example: Unwashed hands (cold virus)

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26
Q

Opportunists

A

Species that do not usually cause disease but do so under certain conditions Examples: Staphylococcus sp. migrates into the skin to cause boils or E. coli migrates from the intestinal tract to the urinary tract. Diabetes will also cause opportunistic infections to occur.

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27
Q

Infectious Disease

A

Caused by infections agents such as bacteria, virus’, parasites and fungi
Example: Influenza and common cold

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28
Q

Non-Infectious Disease

A

Caused by factors other than microbes
Examples: Alzheimers, CF and MS

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29
Q

Communicable Disease

A

Diseases that can be spread from one person to another- most are notifiable diseases and reported to CDC. Example: AIDS

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30
Q

Non-Communicable Disease

A

Acquired from the environment and are not spread from person to person
Example: Legionnaires Disease (although it is reportable to CDC).

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31
Q

Exogenous Disease

A

Caused by microbes located outside the body
Example: Food Poisoning

32
Q

Endogenous Disease

A

Caused by microbes already present in or on the body
Example: UTIs

33
Q

Exotoxins

A

Soluble substances secreted into host tissues. Primarily produced by gram positive and a few gram negative organisms. Toxins are highly specific in their effect on the host.
Examples: Hemorrhaging caused by Bacillus anthracis (GPR), Diarrhea cause by E.coli (GNR) and Clostridium difficile (GPR), Vomiting caused by Staphylococcus sp. (GPC) and tissue destruction caused by Clostridium perfringes (GPR)

34
Q

Endotoxins

A

Toxins are incorporated into cell wall of gram negative organisms. Released into hosts tissues when the bacteria die. Nonspecific effect, Weaker that exotoxins but can be fatal in larger quantities. Example: Food Poisoning caused by Salmonella sp. (GNR)

35
Q

Hemolysins

A

Lyse red blood cells- can be used for lab ID- types alpha, beta and gamma, Examples: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Enterococcus sp.

36
Q

Leukocidins

A

Damage or destroy white blood cells- Neutrophils/Macrophages are unable to carry out phagocytosis. Example: Staphylococcus aureus

37
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

Enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid allowing organisms to pass thru epathelial skin cells and invade tissues. Streptococcus pyogenes

38
Q

Coagulase

A

An enzyme that forms a clot around an organism that hampers the defense mechanism of the immune system. Example: Staphylococcus aureus

39
Q

Catalase

A

An enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide. Example: Staphylococcus aureus

40
Q

Streptokinase

A

An enzyme that dissolves clots, in Streptococcus sp. (beta-hemolytic)

41
Q

Beta-Lactamase

A

An enzyme that breaks down certain antibiotics such as ampicillin, Clavulanic Acid breaks down Beta-lactamase, used in Augmentin antibiotic. Examples are Streptococcus pneumoniae, E. faecium, S, aureus and M. tuberculosis.

42
Q

Signs of Disease

A

Characteristics of disease that can be observed by examining the patient (i.e. swelling, rash, fever, cough, inflammation, drainage)

43
Q

Symptoms of Disease

A

Characteristics of a disease that can be observed or felt by the patient (i.e. pain, sore throat, headache, muscle aches, itching, nausea)

44
Q

Syndrome

A

Combination of Signs and Symptoms (i.e. productive cough, fever, chills, labored breathing, painful respirations, respiratory infection)

45
Q

Acute Infection

A

Rapid onset, short duration (i.e. colds, strep throat, UTI)

46
Q

Chronic Infection

A

Slow onset, longer duration (i.e. flu, TB, AIDS, hepatitis)

47
Q

Latent Infection

A

Active disease postponed (i.e. herpes, AIDS, Shingles, Hep C)

48
Q

Incubation Stage

A

First stage of infectious disease-time between infection and the appearance of signs and symptoms. No outward signs, organisms multiply and store energy (1-2 wks). Properties affecting this stage are genetic make-up, virulence and number of invading organisms)

49
Q

Prodromal Stage

A

Second stage of infectious disease- Stage during which pathogens invade tissues, marked by non-specific symptoms feel like they are “coming down with something”, a feeling, contagious stage

50
Q

Invasive Stage

A

The third stage of infectious disease, often referred to as the acute stage, marked by the most severe signs and symptoms, pathogen invades and damages tissue (i.e. fever, cough, sneezing, draining, tissue damage, rash, chills, malaise, dizziness, etc.)

51
Q

Decline Stage

A

The fourth stage of infectious disease, this stage the signs and symptoms subside, host defense system overwhelms the pathogen, host begins to return to a state of homeostasis. A secondary infection could arise during this stage

52
Q

Convalescent Stage

A

The fifth stage of infectious disease. This is when the tissue damage is repaired, host returns to normal and patient recovers

53
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of factors and mechanisms involved in the spread of disease within a population.

54
Q

Reservoirs

A

A site where microorganisms can persist and maintain their ability to infect. (i.e. humans, animals, fomites)

55
Q

Three-Four portals of entry

A

mucous membranes, non-intacted skin, repiratory tract, (4th) genitourinary tract

56
Q

Three-Four portals of exit

A

Blood, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, (4th) Urinary tract

57
Q

Contact transmission

A

person to person- direct contact
droplet transmission- pneumonia, influenza, coronovirus
indirect transmission- fomites

58
Q

Vehicle transmission

A

Water, food, air

59
Q

Vector transmission

A

Mechanical- transfers to the host (i.e. arthropods, flies, reduviid bug)
Biological- reproduces in the host (i.e. mosquitoes, lice, ticks, mites, poultry-avian flu)

60
Q

CDC- Center of Disease Control

A

Where you report a notifiable disease

61
Q

Disease Process for Bacteria

A

1) Access to host
2) Adherence/colonization
3) Invasiveness
4) Toxins and harmful metabolic products

62
Q

Disease Process for Virus’

A

1) Cause damage after attachment and penetration of host cell
2) Cause cytopathic effects (i.e. swelling, host cell lysis, host cell may have inclusion bodies, can produce hemagglutins causing red cells to clump

63
Q

Disease Process for Parasites

A

1) Gain entry by ingestion, penetration, fecal-oral route or vectors
2) Cause damage by ingesting cells and tissue fluids; and releasing toxic wastes

64
Q

Disease Process for Fungi

A

1) Gain access into host by inhalation or entry via the skin (trauma)
2) Rlease enzymes or toxins that attack host cells or cause allergic reactions in the host

65
Q

Four methods to control communicable diseases

A

Isolation, Quarantine, Immunizations, Vector Control

66
Q

3 scenarios that give rise to nosocomial infections

A

1) Infection acquired in a medical facility
2) Infection acquired through an invasive medical procedure
3) Infection a staff member contracted from a patient

67
Q

6 ways to prevent and control nosocomial infections

A

1) Handwashing
2) Universal precautions
3) Monitor Antibiotic Therapy
4) Use sterile supplies
5) Activating isolation procedures
6) Maintaining an effective Infection Control Program

68
Q

Local Infection

A

An infection confined to a specific area )i.e. strep throat, Conjunctivitis)

69
Q

Systemic Infection

A

An infection that has disseminated throughout the body (i.e. septicemia)

70
Q

Septicemia

A

Organism actively growing and multiplying in the blood

71
Q

Bacteremia

A

Organism in the blood but not actively growing

72
Q

Primary infection

A

First infection diagnosed in a previously healthy person

73
Q

Secondary infection

A

Infection that follows a primary infection

74
Q

Superinfection

A

An infection that arises from destruction of normal flora (usually a secondary infection)

75
Q

Organisms most implicated in Nosocomial Infections

A

E coli, Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa

76
Q

Common sites of Nosocomial infections

A

Urinary tract, Surgical wounds, Respiratory tract, skin and blood

77
Q

Nosocomial Infection

A

An infection acquired in a hospital or other medical facility

Microbiology (8 decks)

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