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Microbiology > LP6 Host Microbe/Epidemiology/Nosocomial > Flashcards

LP6 Host Microbe/Epidemiology/Nosocomial Flashcards

1
Q

Symbiosis

A

The living together of two different kinds of organisms

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2
Q

Pathogen

A

Any organism capable of causing disease in its host

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3
Q

Host

A

Any organism that harbors another organism

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4
Q

Infection

A

The multiplication of a parasite organism, usually microscopic, within or upon the host’s body

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5
Q

Infestation

A

The presence of helminths (worms) or arthropods in or on a living host.

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6
Q

Arthropods

A

Largest group of living organisms, characterized by a jointed chitinous exoskeleton, segmented body and jointed appendages associated with some or all segments.

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7
Q

Contamination

A

The presence of microscopic organisms on inanimate objects (fomites) or surfaces of the skin and mucous membranes.

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8
Q

Disease

A

A disturbance in the state of health wherein the body cannot carry out all of its normal functions.

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9
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The capacity to produce disease.

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10
Q

Virulence

A

The degree of intensity of the disease produced by a pathogen.

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11
Q

Attenuation

A

The weakening of a disease-producing ability of an organism

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12
Q

Microbial Antagonism

A

The ability of normal microbiota to compete with pathogenic organisms and in some instances to effectively combat their growth

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13
Q

Incidence Rate

A

The number of new cases of a particular disease per 100,000 population seen in a specific period of time. A rate is a unit of %.

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14
Q

Prevalence Rate

A

The number of people infected with a particular disease at any one time. A rate is a unit of %.

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15
Q

Morbidity Rate

A

The number of persons contracting a specific disease in relation to the total population ( cases per 100,000). A rate is a unit of %.

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16
Q

Mortality Rate

A

The number of deaths from a specific disease in relation to the total population. A rate is a unit of %.

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17
Q

Endemic

A

The first classification of disease based on epidemiology. Referring to a disease that is constantly present in a specific population. (i.e. common cold, influenza)

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18
Q

Epidemic

A

The second classification of disease based on epidemiology. Referring to a disease that has a higher than normal incidence in a population over a relatively short period of time. (i.e. Polio, AIDS, TB)

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19
Q

Pandemic

A

The third classification of disease based on epidemiology. An epidemic that has become worldwide. (i.e. coronavirus, cholera, influenza, AIDS, small pox)

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20
Q

Sporatic

A

The fourth classification of disease based on epidemiology. A disease that is limited to a small number of isolated cases posing no great threat to a large population. (i.e. food poisoning, Legionnaire’s disease)

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21
Q

Mutualism

A

Both species benefit- humans provide residence for microbes Example: Intestinal flora of human

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22
Q

Commensalism

A

One species benefits but the other species neither benefits of is harmed Example: Skin flora on humans

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23
Q

Parasitism

A

One species benefits but the other is harmed parasite benefits from nutrients but it takes nutrients away from the host Example: Tapeworm

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24
Q

Resident Flora

A

Species are always present on skin, oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, intestinal tract and urogenital tract

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25
Transient Flora
Species are present only during certain conditions Example: Unwashed hands (cold virus)
26
Opportunists
Species that do not usually cause disease but do so under certain conditions Examples: Staphylococcus sp. migrates into the skin to cause boils or E. coli migrates from the intestinal tract to the urinary tract. Diabetes will also cause opportunistic infections to occur.
27
Infectious Disease
Caused by infections agents such as bacteria, virus', parasites and fungi Example: Influenza and common cold
28
Non-Infectious Disease
Caused by factors other than microbes Examples: Alzheimers, CF and MS
29
Communicable Disease
Diseases that can be spread from one person to another- most are notifiable diseases and reported to CDC. Example: AIDS
30
Non-Communicable Disease
Acquired from the environment and are not spread from person to person Example: Legionnaires Disease (although it is reportable to CDC).
31
Exogenous Disease
Caused by microbes located outside the body Example: Food Poisoning
32
Endogenous Disease
Caused by microbes already present in or on the body Example: UTIs
33
Exotoxins
Soluble substances secreted into host tissues. Primarily produced by gram positive and a few gram negative organisms. Toxins are highly specific in their effect on the host. Examples: Hemorrhaging caused by Bacillus anthracis (GPR), Diarrhea cause by E.coli (GNR) and Clostridium difficile (GPR), Vomiting caused by Staphylococcus sp. (GPC) and tissue destruction caused by Clostridium perfringes (GPR)
34
Endotoxins
Toxins are incorporated into cell wall of gram negative organisms. Released into hosts tissues when the bacteria die. Nonspecific effect, Weaker that exotoxins but can be fatal in larger quantities. Example: Food Poisoning caused by Salmonella sp. (GNR)
35
Hemolysins
Lyse red blood cells- can be used for lab ID- types alpha, beta and gamma, Examples: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Enterococcus sp.
36
Leukocidins
Damage or destroy white blood cells- Neutrophils/Macrophages are unable to carry out phagocytosis. Example: Staphylococcus aureus
37
Hyaluronidase
Enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid allowing organisms to pass thru epathelial skin cells and invade tissues. Streptococcus pyogenes
38
Coagulase
An enzyme that forms a clot around an organism that hampers the defense mechanism of the immune system. Example: Staphylococcus aureus
39
Catalase
An enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide. Example: Staphylococcus aureus
40
Streptokinase
An enzyme that dissolves clots, in Streptococcus sp. (beta-hemolytic)
41
Beta-Lactamase
An enzyme that breaks down certain antibiotics such as ampicillin, Clavulanic Acid breaks down Beta-lactamase, used in Augmentin antibiotic. Examples are Streptococcus pneumoniae, E. faecium, S, aureus and M. tuberculosis.
42
Signs of Disease
Characteristics of disease that can be observed by examining the patient (i.e. swelling, rash, fever, cough, inflammation, drainage)
43
Symptoms of Disease
Characteristics of a disease that can be observed or felt by the patient (i.e. pain, sore throat, headache, muscle aches, itching, nausea)
44
Syndrome
Combination of Signs and Symptoms (i.e. productive cough, fever, chills, labored breathing, painful respirations, respiratory infection)
45
Acute Infection
Rapid onset, short duration (i.e. colds, strep throat, UTI)
46
Chronic Infection
Slow onset, longer duration (i.e. flu, TB, AIDS, hepatitis)
47
Latent Infection
Active disease postponed (i.e. herpes, AIDS, Shingles, Hep C)
48
Incubation Stage
First stage of infectious disease-time between infection and the appearance of signs and symptoms. No outward signs, organisms multiply and store energy (1-2 wks). Properties affecting this stage are genetic make-up, virulence and number of invading organisms)
49
Prodromal Stage
Second stage of infectious disease- Stage during which pathogens invade tissues, marked by non-specific symptoms feel like they are "coming down with something", a feeling, contagious stage
50
Invasive Stage
The third stage of infectious disease, often referred to as the acute stage, marked by the most severe signs and symptoms, pathogen invades and damages tissue (i.e. fever, cough, sneezing, draining, tissue damage, rash, chills, malaise, dizziness, etc.)
51
Decline Stage
The fourth stage of infectious disease, this stage the signs and symptoms subside, host defense system overwhelms the pathogen, host begins to return to a state of homeostasis. A secondary infection could arise during this stage
52
Convalescent Stage
The fifth stage of infectious disease. This is when the tissue damage is repaired, host returns to normal and patient recovers
53
Epidemiology
The study of factors and mechanisms involved in the spread of disease within a population.
54
Reservoirs
A site where microorganisms can persist and maintain their ability to infect. (i.e. humans, animals, fomites)
55
Three-Four portals of entry
mucous membranes, non-intacted skin, repiratory tract, (4th) genitourinary tract
56
Three-Four portals of exit
Blood, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, (4th) Urinary tract
57
Contact transmission
person to person- direct contact droplet transmission- pneumonia, influenza, coronovirus indirect transmission- fomites
58
Vehicle transmission
Water, food, air
59
Vector transmission
Mechanical- transfers to the host (i.e. arthropods, flies, reduviid bug) Biological- reproduces in the host (i.e. mosquitoes, lice, ticks, mites, poultry-avian flu)
60
CDC- Center of Disease Control
Where you report a notifiable disease
61
Disease Process for Bacteria
1) Access to host 2) Adherence/colonization 3) Invasiveness 4) Toxins and harmful metabolic products
62
Disease Process for Virus'
1) Cause damage after attachment and penetration of host cell 2) Cause cytopathic effects (i.e. swelling, host cell lysis, host cell may have inclusion bodies, can produce hemagglutins causing red cells to clump
63
Disease Process for Parasites
1) Gain entry by ingestion, penetration, fecal-oral route or vectors 2) Cause damage by ingesting cells and tissue fluids; and releasing toxic wastes
64
Disease Process for Fungi
1) Gain access into host by inhalation or entry via the skin (trauma) 2) Rlease enzymes or toxins that attack host cells or cause allergic reactions in the host
65
Four methods to control communicable diseases
Isolation, Quarantine, Immunizations, Vector Control
66
3 scenarios that give rise to nosocomial infections
1) Infection acquired in a medical facility 2) Infection acquired through an invasive medical procedure 3) Infection a staff member contracted from a patient
67
6 ways to prevent and control nosocomial infections
1) Handwashing 2) Universal precautions 3) Monitor Antibiotic Therapy 4) Use sterile supplies 5) Activating isolation procedures 6) Maintaining an effective Infection Control Program
68
Local Infection
An infection confined to a specific area )i.e. strep throat, Conjunctivitis)
69
Systemic Infection
An infection that has disseminated throughout the body (i.e. septicemia)
70
Septicemia
Organism actively growing and multiplying in the blood
71
Bacteremia
Organism in the blood but not actively growing
72
Primary infection
First infection diagnosed in a previously healthy person
73
Secondary infection
Infection that follows a primary infection
74
Superinfection
An infection that arises from destruction of normal flora (usually a secondary infection)
75
Organisms most implicated in Nosocomial Infections
E coli, Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa
76
Common sites of Nosocomial infections
Urinary tract, Surgical wounds, Respiratory tract, skin and blood
77
Nosocomial Infection
An infection acquired in a hospital or other medical facility

Microbiology (8 decks)

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